1. Section 1 Cultures Clash on the Prairie The cattle industry booms in the late 1800s, as the culture of the Plains Indians declines

2. Government policy ► Early 1800's – ► Indian Removal: All tribes east of the Mississippi forced to move to Indian Territory in modern-day Oklahoma. ► Mid 1800's - U.S. Gov changes policy to Containment ► Reservations -special areas used by a specific group - Indians agreed to live on reservations based on the promise that the land would be theirs forever (signed Treaties with the U.S. Gov.) - They were also promised food, money and other help

4. Clash of culture ► Indians and settlers looked at the world differently ► Settlers felt that the resources were their to be used - Large scale hunting, mining, and farming ► Plains Indians used only the resources they needed for their actual needs - They saw the white settlers as being greedy and destructive

5. Plains Wars: 1860’s-1880’s ► By 1860's - Treaties were being broken by both sides ► Settlers continued to pass through areas where they were not allowed ► Groups of Indians raided white settlements and wagon trains ► 1864 - Sand Creek Massacre - Colorado militia attacked Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek - Indians thought they were under the protection of a nearby government outpost - Over 100 Indians were slaughtered (including women and children)

6. Plains Wars: 1860’s-1880’s ► 1866 - Chief Red Cloud (Sioux:) defeated Captain W.J. Fetterman and 80 U.S. army soldiers Led them into a trap and killed them

7. Battle of Little Big Horn ► Little Bighorn (most famous battle of the Indian wars) ► The Black Hills of South Dakota had been set aside for the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne ► 1874 - U.S. Army exploring party found gold - Settlers went looking for gold - Gov. tried to buy the Black Hills (Sioux considered land sacred) - 1875 and 1876 - Sioux warrior left their reservations and united under the leadership of two Sioux chiefs (Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse)

8. Battle of Little Big Horn ► June 25, 1876 - George Armstrong Custer and several hundred army soldiers found a Sioux camp near the Little Bighorn River - Custer gained fame fighting in Civil War - Admirers considered him a daring brilliant officer - Critics considered him a dangerous showoff ► Custer had orders to attack any Indians he came into contact with ► When he attacked he was actually stepping into a trap ► Custer and all of his men were killed - Became known as "Custer's Last Stand"

9. Battle of Little Big Horn ► People in the East were shocked by the news of the Battle of Little Bighorn - U.S. Gov. sent 1000's of troops to fight the Indians ► The Battle of Little Bighorn was the last Indian Victory in the Indian Wars - 1876 - U.S. Army defeated the Sioux - Sitting Bull and his followers escaped to Canada ► Crazy Horse was arrested - He was fatally stabbed as he was being arrested - Not sure if guard or another Indian stabbed him

10. Chief Joseph ► Led the Nez Perce people ► Nez Perce lived in northwest (Oregon and Idaho) - Fished for salmon, gathered food, and hunted ► Chief Joseph refused to sell land to government ► 1877 - Gov. ordered the Nez Perce people to move to a reservation - They fled and tried to evade the army ► Captured about 40 miles south of Canada - Chief Joseph made speech - Said that he would fight no more

11. Southwest Indians ► Navajo were forced to move to reservations in the east - March called "The Long Walk" ► Reservation was a failure - Navajo allowed to return home ► Mid 1870's - Apache were forced to move away from their traditional territory - Geronimo - led his people off the reservation - Evaded the army many times due to their knowledge of southern Arizona - 1886 - Geronimo captured and forced to live far away from his people

12. Indians way of life destroyed ► Whites killed buffalo ► Indians depended on buffalo ► Indians were unable to survive without the buffalo ► Many Indians turned to the Ghost Dance Religion - It taught that the spirits of the dead Indians would return to help the Indians reclaim their land ► Many whites were fearful of this movement - Asked the army for help - Cavalry rounded up Sioux men on the Pine Ridge Reservation - Place called wounded knee

13. Indians way of life destroyed ► Wounded Knee Massacre - 300 men, women, and children Sioux were killed - Considered to be the last battle of the Indian Wars

14. Assimilation ► Conditions grew worse as more Indians were forced on to reservations ► Reformers began calling for changes ► Many white though that only solution was to make the Indians become more like the whites - Assimilation - to adopt the culture of the people around you

15. Assimilation ► Dawes Act (1887) - intended to make Indians give up their traditions and accept White customs - Reservation lands were divided up in farm plots for families and individuals (40 to 160 acres) - Any remaining land was sold to white settlers - Profits used to pay for Indian schools - Indians who accepted the plots of land could become citizens for the 1st time ► Dawes Act failed - Many western Indians didn't want to settle down as farmers - Lacked tools and training - Many sold their plots to white settlers cheap ► End 1800's - situation of the American Indians was tragic - Lost land, people, and culture - 20th century U.S. government finally realizes importance of Indian way of life