1. World War I American Troops and the Peace Treaty

2. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) How did America affect the War?

3. American Expeditionary Force (AEF) May 1918 Doughboys-The name may have come from the large brass buttons on the uniforms of Union soldiers in the Civil War; they were said to resemble doughboys, a flour dumpling cooked in soup Doughboys-The name may have come from the large brass buttons on the uniforms of Union soldiers in the Civil War; they were said to resemble doughboys, a flour dumpling cooked in soup 2nd and 3rd Divisions fight at Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry. Argonne Forest. 2nd and 3rd Divisions fight at Belleau Wood and Chateau-Thierry. Argonne Forest. 85,000 American help save Paris 85,000 American help save Paris General John J. (Black Jack) Pershing has an army of 1/2 million on the Southern Front. General John J. (Black Jack) Pershing has an army of 1/2 million on the Southern Front. Oct. 1918- Battle of Sedan- American Victory. British and French Lines begin to advance. Oct. 1918- Battle of Sedan- American Victory. British and French Lines begin to advance. German mistake- Americans were late but made a difference. German mistake- Americans were late but made a difference. U.S. lost 50,280 men, and 25,000 to disease. 42,000 Black troop fought in French units. U.S. lost 50,280 men, and 25,000 to disease. 42,000 Black troop fought in French units. Russia, England and France lost over 4 million total. 1 million other countries. Russia, England and France lost over 4 million total. 1 million other countries. Armistice- November 11, 1918- 11th hour, 11th day of the 11th month. Armistice- November 11, 1918- 11th hour, 11th day of the 11th month.

4. The Peace Conference in Paris 1918 How did President Wilson help plan for the peace? How did President Wilson help plan for the peace? Who were the Big Four? What did they want?

5. The Peace Conference in Paris 1918 Wilson Wilson 14 points- Wilson’s only purpose at the conference. 14 points- Wilson’s only purpose at the conference. Others were critical of Wilson- called him the Preacher of the world. To worried about all of mankind. God only has 10 commandments. Others were critical of Wilson- called him the Preacher of the world. To worried about all of mankind. God only has 10 commandments. Mistake- Wilson didn’t chose any Republicans or Senators to be on the American Peace Commission. Mistake- Wilson didn’t chose any Republicans or Senators to be on the American Peace Commission. The Big Four Prime Minister Lloyd George of Great Britain Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy Premier Georges Clemenceau of France President Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. The other three powers wanted as much land, wealth, and power for their countries as possible. The other three powers wanted German repayment for cost of war. The other three powers wanted to punish the enemies so they could never rise again.

6. Versailles Treaty What did the Versailles Treaty do to Europe? What was the League of Nations? Why did Wilson have to fight so hard for the League of Nations? The Big Four

7. Versailles Treaty The Treaty ended up being not as selfish, vengeful or as noble as everyone had wanted. The main terms of the Versailles Treaty were: (1) the surrender of all German colonies as League of Nations mandates; (2) the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France; (3) cession of Eupen-Malmedy to Belgium, Memel to Lithuania, the Hultschin district to Czechoslovakia, (4) Poznania, parts of East Prussia and Upper Silesia to Poland; (5) Danzig to become a free city; (6) plebiscites to be held in northern Schleswig to settle the Danish-German frontier; (7) occupation and special status for the Saar under French control (8) demilitarization and a fifteen-year occupation of the Rhineland; 9) German reparations of £6,600 million; (10) a ban on the union of Germany and Austria; (11) an acceptance of Germany's guilt in causing the war; (11) provision for the trial of the former Kaiser and other war leaders; The Big Four (12) limitation of Germany's army to 100,000 men with no conscription, no tanks, no heavy artillery, no poison-gas supplies, no aircraft and no airships; (13) the limitation of the German Navy to vessels under 100,000 tons, with no submarines;

8. REPARATIONS- Most poisonous provision of treaty. Payments from Germans to “repair” all war damage. British and French felt damages should include the total costs of war (everything). Sum so huge it could not be named, and the Germans would be paying for ever. Germany signed the Versailles Treaty under protest. The USA Congress refused to ratify the treaty. Many people in France and Britain were angry that there was no trial of the Kaiser or the other war leaders

9. League of Nations The League of Nations was an international organization created after the First World War. The Covenant establishing the League was part of the Treaty of Versailles. The aims of the League were to promote international co- operation and to achieve international peace and security. The League of Nations was an association of states which had pledged themselves, through signing the Covenant not to go to war before submitting their disputes with each other, or states not members of the League, to arbitration or enquiry. The League of Nations formally came into existence on January 10, 1920. The two official languages of the League were English and French. The headquarters of the League was Geneva, Switzerland. The main organs of the League of Nations were the General Assembly, the Council and the Secretariat. The Council included four permanent members (Britain, France, Italy and Japan) and four (later nine) others elected by the General Assembly every three years. Armillary sphere, a symbol of the League of Nations,

11. Opposition Wilson returns a hero. Wilson returns a hero. Senate needs to approve Versailles Treaty. Senate needs to approve Versailles Treaty. Americans afraid of League of Nations and Article 10- each member promises to respect and preserve all the other members against “external aggression”. Threatens our independence. Americans afraid of League of Nations and Article 10- each member promises to respect and preserve all the other members against “external aggression”. Threatens our independence. Senate leaders Borah and Lodge lead opposition. Lodge doesn’t trust Wilson Senate leaders Borah and Lodge lead opposition. Lodge doesn’t trust Wilson Wison suffers stroke taking his appeal to the people. Wison suffers stroke taking his appeal to the people. Wouldn’t work with Senator Lodge. Wouldn’t work with Senator Lodge. Harding wins the election of 1920 and America never approves the Versailles Treaty or joins the League of Nations. Harding wins the election of 1920 and America never approves the Versailles Treaty or joins the League of Nations. Henry Cabot Lodge William Borah