1. REALLY OLD STUFF 600 CE to 1450 CE

2. Interaction of cultures Both positive and negative Tremendous growth in long-distance trade  Improved boats, roads, monetary systems, lines of credit and accounting methods  Trade a big deal Getting stuff is a huge incentive behind interactions if not into conquest Can be isolated only when have everything you need

3. Cultural Diffusion and spread of disease as well as movement of goods

4. Mediterranean Trade Hanseatic League Silk Road Mongols land routes China and Japan India and Persia Trans-Saharan trade

5. HANSEATIC LEAGUE Collection of city states in Baltic and North Sea regions of Europe Banded together for common trade practices 100 cities Resulted in middle class growth Set a precedent for large European trading operations

6. SILK ROADS Used heavily during reign of Mongols East meets the West Carried  Silk  Porcelain  Paper  Military technologies  Religions  Food

7. Silk Routes

8. Mediterranean Circuits

9. Indian Ocean Trade Dominated by Persians and Arabs Boats could handle large waves Monsoon seasons Wind direction Sailors married local women, cultures intermixed

10. Indian Ocean

12. Trans-Saharan Trade

13. Trans-American trade

14. Religious Connections

15. CULTURE CLASH Mongol expansion into Russia, Persia, India and China Germanic tribes to S. Europe Vikings expansion into England and W. Europe Islamic Empire’s push into Spain, India, and Africa The Crusades Buddhist missionaries to Japan Orthodox Christian missionaries into eastern Europe

16. Impact of Mongols: Blessing or a Curse

17. Two Bullies Crusaders and Jihad Left Holy Land in violence and uncertainty Most of region remained in the hands of the Muslim Arabs Whole mess led to centuries of mistrust and intolerance between Christians and Muslims

19. Motivation: religious and economic and political Death, rape, pillage and slavery perpetrated in the name of religion Led to interactions between cultures  Fueled trade and exchange of ideas  Led to Europe’s rediscovery of its ancient past

20. People on the Move Over crowding More opportunities Empires built new cities to flaunt itself Pilgrimages

21. Technology Islamic WorldChina Paper mills (from China)Gunpowder cannons UniversitiesMoveable type Astrolabe and sextantPaper currency Algebra (from Greece)porcelain Chess (from India)Terrace farming Modern soap formulaeWater-powered mills Guns and cannons (from China) Cotton sails Mechanical pendulum clockWater clock Distilled alcoholMagnetic compass Surgical instrumentsState-run factories

22. WOMEN Restrictions depended on class and caste At upper levels could assume leadership roles if not male heir But generally upper class women had further restrictions Increased veiling, foot binding, young marriage age

23. In Africa  Not much change  Matrilineal societies  Considered valuable source of wealth  Women less eager to convert to Islam or Christianity

24. In China and Japan More access to education

25. The Rise of Islam Developments in Europe and the Byzantine Empire Developments in China, Japan and India The Rise and fall of the Mongols Developments in Africa Developments in the Americas KEY EVENTS

26. Islamic Empires Umayyad Convert or pay a tax Expanding empire Controlled southern Iberia and part of Italy Charles Martel stopped the advance in Europe Muslims split into two

28. Abbasid Dynasty 750 until 1258 Defeated by Mongols Golden Age Credit, itemized receipts and bills (banks) Medical,mathematics (algebra) Paper money idea came from China Libraries, universities, location allowed them to monopolize trade routes

29. Sufis were missionaries Qu’ran restored and granted more rights to women Could retain property rights in a divorce Infanticide made illegal Men could marry 4 wives, women only once Internal dissension External invasion

30. Islamic World: Dar al-Islam Expanding cultural, economic and political influence Al-Andalus/ Islamic Spain North and West Africa Indian Ocean: East Africa, India, SE Asia Technological accomplishments: astrolabe, algebra, philosophy, cartography…

31. Al-Andalus

32. Islamic World: Sample Comparisons Compare Islam to Christianity Compare Islamic contacts with Europe and with Africa Crusades- points of view compared Compare gender changes Compare support/ patronage of arts and sciences

33. Byzantine Empire Orthodox Christianity  Not led by Pope  Influenced the East Absolute authority by emperors Justinian  rivals for cultural supremacy with Baghdad  Justinian Code  Flowering of arts and sciences  Hagia Sophia

36. Contrast Orthodoxy and Roman Catholics For stability  One in head of state  One in head of church  East a secular Empire  West a religious Empire  Russia adopted Orthodox-set it separate from other European nations

37. Developments in Europe Franks: King Clovis  Unified from Germany into France  Allowed various peoples to unify  Made it easier to repel Muslims  Charles Martel Founded the Carolingian Dynasty Grandson Charles crowned by Pope Charlemagne (Charles the Great) Holy Roman Empire  Feudalistic

40. Europe Break in eastern and Western Christendom: political significance? Religious schisms compared: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism Sunni/ Shiite in Islam

41. Europe Restructuring of institutions Role of religion: Papacy, Crusades, architecture and education Development of feudalism Comparison of feudalism in Europe and Japan Increasing importance of monarchy over church

42. Feudalism Nobles Vassals Peasants (serfs) Fiefs Manors Three-field system Code of chivalry Male dominated Women could inherit by not control, education limited to household skills

43. Trade increased middle class  Towns chartered  Towns united  Drive towards nationhood  Increased mobility within the classes

44. Churches : Artistic achievements Questioning of church due to exposure to new ideas heresies Universities and scholasticism Pope Innocent III  Heretics and Jews punished  Sacked Constantinople Pope Gregory set up Inquisition Thomas Aquinas  Faith and reason not in conflict

46. Black Death 1/3 population gone Feudal hierarchies obsolete Religious hatred intensified People lost faith in power of the Church

48. Vikings Bad reputation from raiding monasteries Constantinople to Canada In France known as Normans (north-men) Converted to Christianity Catholic Church one of most powerful institutions in the world

49. Spain  Isabella and Ferdinand  Marriage united country  Spanish Inquisition

50. Russia Mongols (tatars) Ivan III, czar Ivan the terrible

51. Countries? England unified most quickly  Magna Carta  Invaded France Joan of Arc 100 years War, France independent

52. CHINA AND NEARBY REGIONS Tang Song Ming all had Golden Ages Also the Mongols and the Yuan dynasty

53. China: Internal and External Expansion Tang Dynasty Technological innovations: compass, paper, gunpowder etc. Influence on Japan Foot binding, Neo-Confucianism Song Dynasty All the makings of an industrial revolution Early Ming Zheng He voyages, eunuchs and nomadic threats

54. Rise and Fall and Rise and Fall and Rise T’ang  Expanded territory into parts of Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet and Korea Then Song

55. Stability thru civil service examinations Tribute system Moveable type printing New style of rice increased population New technologies  Compass  Rudders  Gunpowder

58. Song and Tang Both excelled in  Art  Architecture  Science  Philosophy  Porcelain-making  Silk-weaving  Transportation systems

59. Mongols Chingiss Khan unified the Mongol tribes in early 1200s and expanded the empire into largest ever seen Hordes (small independent empires) Golden Horde conquered Russia Kublai Khan ruled in China

60. People gave in, only chance for survival Highly organized and highly mobile Extremely motivated

61. Mongols assimilated into the cultures of the people they defeated No golden ages In Persia, Mongols became Muslim In China, Khublai Khan would not allow Chinese to Mongolize (after they left easier for the Chinese to return to “normal”) Russia, did not unify or culturally develop like other European nations Instrumental in the growth of world trade and therefore cultural diffusion and awareness.

62. Women and Religion Wu Zhao, only Empress Foot binding widespread Buddhism in competition with Confucianism Neo-Confucianism incorporated Buddhism

63. JAPAN Isolated Yamato clan Current emperor a descendent of this clan Shinto first religion

64. Influenced by China Buddhism Bureaucratic and legal reforms (Taika) Not civil service exam  Birth more important than education

65. Vietnam and Korea Korean became a vassal state of Tang Confucianism and Buddhism spread to Korea not the merit system Vietnam maintained more independence Confucianism spread

66. Fujiwara clan Feudal system (same time as it developed in Europe but independently Shogun, chief general Daimyo, huge landowners, samurai  Part nobility, part warrior  Followed Code of Bushido Women not held in high esteem (Women in Europe had few rights but were adored, if beautiful )

67. India Islamic invaders Delhi Sultanate Tried to convert Hindus  More in Northern India converted Accomplishments  Colleges  Irrigations systems

69. Sub-Saharan Africa West African kingdoms: Ghana, Mali, Songhay East African city states: Axum, Kilwa, Mombasa Southern Africa: Great Zimbabwe Contacts with Islamic World, Indian Ocean world, and within Africa Role of Trade, Education and Religion

70. AFRICA Kush, Axum and Swahili Coast  Kush, below Egypt Along Nile River and near the Red Sea  Axum, modern day Ethiopia Converted to Christianity Then later Islam Evidence that they were in contact with Mediterranean world

71. Swahili Coast East coast of Africa  Language a mixture of original Bantu supplemented by Arabic  Trade with the Muslims  Became cultural and political centers  Incredible wealth Gold Slaves Ivory Other exotic products

73. The Other side of the Sand Ghana, Mali and Songhai  Islamic traders crossed the desert  African traders reached Carthage and Tripoli  In search of salt  Tons of Gold in Ghana and Mali  Ghana fell after Holy War with Islam  Mali emerged as Islamic nation Mansa Musa  Songhai : Sonni Ali :Timbuktu

74. ARTS in AFRICA Oral literature Benin culture mastered sculpture

75. Amer-Indian World Migrations over the Bering Strait at least 10,000 years ago. Northern America: Cahokia Southwest: Hohokam Meso-America; Olmecs, Maya, Toltec (Aztec) South America: Nazca, Moche, (Inca)

76. AMERICAS: Aztecs AND Incas Aztecs  Tenochtitlan  Dominated nearby states and demanded heavy taxes  12 million people  Women subordinate but could inherit property  Religion tied to military  Tens of thousands sacrifices each year

77. Incas Professional army, bureaucracy, unified language and complex system of road and tunnels No large animals Women could pass on property and participate in religion Polytheistic with sun god supreme No private property Temple of the Sun and Machu Picchu

78. Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

79. BIG PICTURE Do cultural areas… or states and empires, better represent history? How does change occur within societies? How similar were the economic and trading practices that developed across cultures? How does environment impact human decision making?

80. Demographic and Environmental Changes Nomadic Migrations Vikings Turks Aztecs Mongols Arabs Predict the impact of these movements.

81. Demographic and Environmental Changes Migration of Agricultural Peoples Bantu migrations Europeans to Eastern and Central Europe Consequences of Disease For ex. Black Plague 1348 Growth and Role of Cities Urbanization How much of this demonstrates continuity?

82. Questions we will focus on: Was there a world economic network in this time period? How did gender roles change? How can material culture and urban history help us to understand early societies?

83. Conclusions Examples of continuity? Examples of change? Think about new and old players. Similar patterns and trends: demographic, social and cultural, technological. New avenues of intersection.