1. Social Structure Framework

2. Transformation of social structure means changes in the division of labor (e.g., how tasks are divided) * “Hunting and Gathering” to “Postindustrial” * Plow to the Steam Engine to the Micro-chip 

3. Transformation of social structure also means Changes in solidarity (social cohesion) Mechanical (Pre-industrial/minimal division of labor) to Organic (very specialized division of labor) * Changes in types and nature of inequality * Changes in social relationships Gemeinschaft (traditional) Gesellschaft (complex)

4. Gemeinschaft Societies A Gemeinschaft society would be made up of the various family trees and how they are related to one another.

5. Gesellschaft Societies A Gesellschaft society would be made up of clumps of trees, each has a specialized relationship and may not be committed to the others.

6. The Effect of Social Structure on the formation of our selves is very powerful We can’t see it but we can observe the social action that it produces

7. Dyad Triad Reference group In-group Out-group

8. What Constitutes a group Primary…. Examples…… Family, close friends, school or work- related peer groups

9. Secondary….  Schools, churches, corporations

10. Group Power

11. Group Size can impact the kinds of interactions we have….

12. Asch’s experiment 33% routinely conformed 40% conformed ½ the time 25% “stuck to their guns” Group cohesion and group size effect whether we conform to group pressure

13. Groups can create – in-group/out-group We perceive people in our out-groups negatively regardless of their actual characteristics.

14. Group Think - Assures Conformity But also Creates fear

15. Group Think “living in a bubble” Illusion of invulnerability. Falsely negative impression of those who are antagonists to the group’s plans. Discouragement of dissenting opinion. Illusion of unanimity. Can lead to “Risky Shift” phenomenon = A willingness to engage in extreme behavior if condoned.

16. Leadership and Power Authoritarian Democratic Laissez-Faire Rational legal authority holds more weight in our society.

17. Milgrim’s Experiment “Teachers” 65% did what were told in the laboratory setting and went to 450 volts Perceived authority “white lab coats” Obedience to authority more common than we want to admit We transform from independent thinkers to “agents of the state”

18. Perils of Obedience

19. ABC Follow up 65% men 73% women went to 150 volts – the highest in this experiment With 1 confederate present 63% still went to highest level What are some sociological explanations for higher obedience among women?

20. A contemporary Example of the Milgrim Experiment A contemporary Example of the Milgrim Experiment http://Stanford ExperimentStanford Experiment recommended

21. John Pryor’s experiment “Trainers” Led to believe that sexual harassment was condoned 90% took full advantage and engaged in the behavior when encouraged Reference groups affect our behavior, imposing social control