2. NOTABLE EVENTS AND DISASTERS OF 2014 HIGHLIGHTS OF EARTHQUAKES Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

3. EARTHQUAKES are small to awesome manifestations of energy released in the form of seismic waves and tsunamis as tectonic plates of the Earth’s crust slowly converge, diverge, or slide by each other

4. 2014: EARTHQUAKES ARE A GLOBAL NATURAL HAZARD CONTINUUM FLOODS SEVERE WINDSTORMS EARTHQUAKES DROUGHTS VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ETC.

5. 2014: THE TECTONIC PLATES THAT HAVE BEEN MOVING FOR 200 MILLION YEARS CONTINUED TO MOVE

6. 2014: EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED TO OCCUR AT PLATE BOUNDARIES

7. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

8. NOTE: GROUND SHAKING BECOMES A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH A COMMUNITY’S VULNERABLE AND UNPROTECTED BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE

9. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

10. 2014: SUB-OCEAN EARTHQUAKES CONTINUED TO OCCUR; SOME LARGE ENOUGH TO GENERATE TSUNAMIS

11. NOTE: TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP BECOMES A POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENT WHEN IT INTERACTS WITH AN UN-WARNED, UN- EVACUATED AND UN- PREPARED COASTAL COMMUNITY

12. HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES TSUNAMIS INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS FLOODING INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

13. 2014: EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI DISASTER OF THE YEAR THE DISASTER OF THE YEAR OCCURRED IN IQUIQUE, CHILE WHERE THE NAZCA PLATE IS SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE-PERU

14. IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: M8.2 at 8: 46 pm ON APRIL 1, 2014

15. IQUIQUE, CHILE EARTHQUAKE (April 1, 2014)

16. IQUIQUE

17. Moment Magnitude 8.2 On April 1, the mega-thrust Iquique earthquake struck off the coast of Chile approximately 95 km (59 mi) northwest of Iquique. The main shock was followed by a large number of moderate to very large aftershocks, including a M7.7 event.

18. IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE

19. IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: DAMAGE TO OLD BUILDINGS

20. IQUIQUE EARTHQUAKE: FIRE

21. A TSUNAMI WAVE OF 2.1 M WAS GENERATD BY THE MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE

22. IQUIQUE: DAMAGE FROM TSUNAMI

24. IQUIQUE: NOT THE FIRST EARTHQUAKE EXPERIENCE REMEMBERING MAY 9, 1877

25. THE HISTORICAL RECORD The 1877 Iquique earthquake occurred on May 9 with a magnitude estimated at 8.5-9.0 on the surface wave magnitude scale. The earthquake shaking caused significant damage over most of the coastal parts of the Tarapaca and Antofagasta regions.

26. THE HISTORICAL RECORD The earthquake triggered a devastating 10 m (33 ft) tsunami wave along about 500 km (310 mi) of coast, from Arica in the north to Meiillones in the south.

27. M6.1 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NORTHERN YUNNAN PROVINCE 4:30 pm, JULY 22, 2013

28. LOCATION MAP

29. About 12,000 homes collapsed in Ludian county

30. TYPICAL DAMAGE IN ZHAOTONG, THE COUNTY SEAT

31. VULNERABLE BRICK HOUSES The homes that collapsed in Ludian (a population of about 429,000), were mostly old brick houses having little resistance to strong ground shaking.

32. At least 398 people died and more than 1,400 were injured

33. A M6.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES NAPA, CA (USA’S WINE COUNTRY) 3:20 AM, AUGUST 24, 2014

34. The Bay Area is prone to moderate- to large- magnitude earthquakes because it straddles the boundary between two major tectonic plates — the North American and Pacific plates.

36. The M6.0 Napa earthquake was the strongest in the San Francisco Bay area since the 1989 M6.9 Loma Prieta quake, BUT it only had about 1/30 th of Loma Prieta’s energy release

37. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS Loss of power, gas, and water for 70,000 people. Injuries, but no deaths

38. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS Local damage to buildings and houses, infrastructure, and interior contents of homes and stores. $ Millions from extensive loss of product (wine)

39. BEYOND 2014: Communities throughout the world know why it is urgent for their stakeholders to continue working on becoming EARTHQUAKE- and TSUNAMI- DISASTER RESILIENT

40. Each community knows that it is only a matter of time until the inevitable earthquake occurs that can expose its physical and social vulnerabilities

41. YOURCOMMUNITYYOURCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS MONITORING HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION EM RESPONSE RECOSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

42. EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS

43. FAULTS, EARTHQUAKES, AND RECURRENCE INTERVALS A LONG FAULT IS NEEDED TO GENERATE A LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKE. LARGE-MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES HAVE RECURRENCE INTERVALS OF 100 YEARS OR MORE; SEVERAL TIMES LONGER THAN THOSE FOR SMALL- TO MODERATE- MAGNITUDE EARTHQUAKES

44. THE USA’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE

45. THE USA’S OTHER NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON; POTENTIAL FOR M9.0 THE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE SUBDUCTING BENEATH WASHINGTON AND OREGON; POTENTIAL FOR M9.0

46. FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE; MEXICO

47. MOTAGUA FAULT, GUATEMALA

48. CHILE’S NOTABLE PLATE BOUNDARY FAULT ZONE THE NAZCA PLATE SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES THE NAZCA PLATE SUBDUCTING BENEATH CHILE AND PERU HAS GENERATED M8-9.5 QUAKES

49. FAULTS: DEAD SEA RIFT ZONE

50. NORTH ANATOLIAN FAULT:TURKEY

51. LONGMAN SHAN FAULT: CHINA

52. ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT RISK = HAZARD x EXPOSURE EARTHQUAKE: EXPOSURE: PEOPLE TSUNAMIBUILDING STOCK INFRASTRUCTURE GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISE

53. EXPOSURE MODEL (PEOPLE, BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE) EXPOSURE MODEL (PEOPLE, BLDGS., AND INFRASTRUCTURE) LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

54. THE PEOPLE CONTINUUM 7 + BILLION ( DISTRIBUTED IN COMMUN- ITIES AND RURAL AREAS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD)

55. THE COMMUNITY CONTINUUM: (BUILDINGS. INFRASTRUCTURE, ENTERPRISE) GOVERNMENTS DWELLINGS SCHOOLS HEALTH CARE FACILITIES BUSINESSES INFRA- STRUCTURE

56. VULNERABILITY MODEL VULNERABILITY MODEL QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM

57. UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS INTENSITY REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME VVIVIIVIIIIX 3530 25 20 15 10 5 0 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING

58. THE REASONS FOR AN EARTH- QUAKE DISASTER TO OCCUR... The community is UN- PREPARED for the earthquake hazards (GROUND SHAKING, TSUNAMI WAVES, etc.,) that are likely to happen.

59. THE REASONS ARE... The community has NO DISASTER PLANNING SCENARIO or PROTECTION SYSTEM OF CODES AND STANDARDS in place as a strategic framework for identi- fication and coordinated local, national, regional, and international countermeasures.

60. THE REASONS ARE... The community LACKS THE CAPACITY TO RESPOND to the full spectrum of expected and unexpected emergency situations in a timely and cost- effective manner.

61. THE REASONS ARE... The community is INEFFECIVE during recovery and reconstruction because it HAS NOT LEARNED IMPORTANT LESSONS from either the current experience or the cumulative prior experiences.