1. Eric Angat Environmental Science
Biomes of the World
Notebook Activity
Eric Angat
Environmental Science

2. How is the type of biome influenced by latitude and elevation?
Essential Question
How is the type of biome influenced by latitude and elevation?

3. http://www. plantsgalore. com/plants/types/maps/00M-Map-Africa-North

5. 1. What are Biomes?
Biomes are geographic regions with similar kinds of communities, organisms and climates.

6. Biomes by latitude influences both temperature and precipitation.
The equator, which is at 0o latitude, divides the earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheresAt the equator, the rays of the sun shine from almost directly overhead.
The equator receives 12 hours of sunlight each day year round.
The equator experiences very little fluctuation in temperature.
 The Tropic of Cancer is above the equator and the Tropic of Capricorn is below the equator.w
The zone between these lines of latitude is called the Tropical Zone.
The tropical zone has very warm temperatures and high precipitation
North of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn the suns rays hit the earth at an angle.
The temperatures in these zones are lower than they are at the equator.
Latitude also affects precipitation.
•At the equator the direct sunlight heats moist air, which quickly rises, cools in the upper atmosphere, and falls back to the earth as rain.
The areas at the equator receive the greatest amount of rainfall.
Latitude is the distance north and south from the equator. Latitude influences both temperature and precipitation.

7. http://image. slidesharecdn

8. Latitude and Longitude

9. Biomes by elevation influences both temperature and precipitation.

10. http://www. globalchange. umich

11. 2. What are the different types of biomes?
1. Tundra (coldest biome, almost no rainfall)
2. Taiga (Boreal, Coniferous Forest)
3. Temperate Deciduous Forest
4. Grassland ( Prairies and Savannas )
5. Tropical Rainforest (the most biodiversity)
6. Desert (hot and cold, almost no rainfall)
7. Aquatic (Marine and Freshwater)
NC Biome.

12. 3. What similarity does tundra and desert biome share?
1. Tundra (coldest biome, almost no rainfall)
2. Desert (hot and cold, almost no rainfall)
Almost no rainfall

13. 4. What are Biotic and Abiotic?

14. http://www2. estrellamountain

15. 5. Where can you find the Arctic Tundra?

16. Location of Arctic Tundra

17. The arctic is the one continent that is made up of almost no land at all. It is mostly frozen ocean. The ice pack of the arctic is about 9 feet thick (3 M). In the summer the polar ice pack drifts in the ocean under 24-hour daylight. In the winter it freezes solid, in 24-hour darkness. The arctic has no mountains, but includes the North Pole, the northernmost point on earth. The tallest spot is at sea level, an elevation of 0. The part of the arctic that is land includes some northern islands and the northern edges of Europe, Asia, North America and Greenland. This area is called the arctic tundra. The arctic tundra has no trees and the ground is frozen almost all year long with permafrost. The top layer of the soil, above the permafrost, does melt in the summer and grows hearty plants in the short 2-month growing season. Because the frozen permafrost sits below the soil, there is no place for melted snow to go, so the arctic tundra stays wet and boggy in the summer months. This makes it hard to travel on and a perfect habitat for water-born insects like mosquitoes. The mosquito season on the tundra may be short, but it is fierce!
Animals  
The animals that live on the arctic landscape include: walrus, musk ox, caribou, lemming, arctic fox, arctic hare, tern, ptarmigan, snowy owl, arctic wolf, narwhal and polar bear. Many animals survive there by hibernating through the coldest months of winter.
Plants  
It is a difficult habitat for plants to grow. Plants of the arctic include: arctic willow (shrub), arctic poppy, moss, lichens, cushion plants (grow tight and low to the ground), like saxifrage, and moss campion.
Do you see any penguin?

18.
Antarctica

19. It is the coldest place on earth with temperatures dipping down to 130 degrees below zero F. The wind along the coast can blow fiercely. It is also considered the driest place on earth even though most of it is covered by a sheet of ice a mile and a half thick. There is very little snowfall and most of that is on the coastline where it can fall very heavily, very quickly. The interior of the continent is really a frozen desert. This is a strange fact considering scientists believe the Antarctic ice sheets hold about 90% of the earth's fresh water. There are even lakes that have been discovered deep under the ice. It has a mountain range called the Transantarctic Mountains that divide the continent into Eastern and Western Antarctica. The tallest mountain in Antarctica is over 16,000 feet tall. There are even a few active volcanoes. Though many people visit Antarctica as tourists and researchers, no humans are native to the continent.
Many animals live in Antarctica including emperor penguins, adelie penguins, rockhopper penguins, king penguins, chinstrap penguins, gentoo penguins, fur seals, leopard seals, Weddell seals, elephant seals, albatross, petrels, blue whales, killer whales and krill.
Plants  
There are few plants on Antarctica. Only mosses and liverworts can survive the severe cold and dry conditions. There are also some lichens, fungi and algae on the continent.

20. 6. Where can you find the deciduous forest in the U.S.?

21. 7. How do trees survive or adapt in a deciduous forests?
Deciduous trees are trees that shed their leaves once a year at the approach of a cold or dry season and later grow new leaves. (Plants that keep their foliage throughout the year are called evergreens.) Deciduous trees usually have broad leaves e.g., ash, beech, birch, maple and oak.

22. The picture shows a food web in a temperate deciduous forest
The picture shows a food web in a temperate deciduous forest. The Temperate Deciduous Forest biome has four seasons of winter, spring, summer and fall. Animals and plants have special adaptations to cope with these yearly changes. Plant adaptations Deciduous trees are trees that shed their leaves once a year at the approach of a cold or dry season and later grow new leaves. (Plants that keep their foliage throughout the year are called evergreens.) Deciduous trees usually have broad leaves e.g., ash, beech, birch, maple and oak. In SUMMER, their broad green leaves help capture sunlight needed to make food through photosynthesis.
As temperatures drop, the tree cuts off the supply of water to the leaves and seals off the area between the leaf stem and the tree trunk. With limited sunlight and water, the leaves are unable to continue producing chlorophyll (green pigment in leaves) causing them to change into the beautiful red, yellow and orange leaf colours of FALL.
In WINTER, it is too cold for the trees to protect their leaves from freezing, so they simply loose them and seal up the places where the leaves attach to the branch. Losing their leaves helps trees to conserve water loss through transpiration. (Dried leaves continue to hang on the branches of some deciduous trees until the new leaves come out.) Before the leaves die, some of the food material they contain is drawn back into the twigs and branches where it is stored and used the following spring.
The warmer temperatures of SPRING signal to the trees that they can grow new leaves again, and restart the cycle.
Animal adaptations Animals in temperate deciduous forests also have to adapt to the changing seasons. They must be able to cope with cold winters when food is in short supply. Migration and hibernation are two adaptations used by the animals in this biome. A great variety of birds migrate to warmer places where they can find food more easily.
Some mammals (e.g., bears) hibernate during the cold winter months. Hibernation is an inactive, sleeplike state that some animals enter during the winter. Animals that hibernate protect themselves against the cold and reduce their need for food. A hibernating animal's body temperature is lower than normal, and its heartbeat and breathing slow down greatly. An animal in this state needs little energy to stay alive and can live off fat stored in its body. Thus, hibernating animals can more easily survive the cold winter months.
Squirrels, chipmunks, and some jays often store large supplies of food (such as nuts and seeds) in the ground, under fallen leaves, or in tree hollows for use during the cold winters when food is scarce. Cold temperatures help prevent the decomposition of the nuts and seeds.

23. 8. Describe Taiga biome.

24. Coniferous forest http://www.abcgallery.com/S/shishkin/shishkin42.html
Coniferous forest

25. Northern Boreal Forests or Taiga

26. 9. Where can we find the Rainforests?
The rainforest biome has the most biodiversity!
Equator 0 degree latitude

27. Tropical rainforests The Rainforests of Asia Range
The Asian rainforests are found on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, and many islands including New Guinea.
Habitat  
Rainforests get about 60 inches of rain each year. That is about 1/8 of an inch every day. The air is hot and humid, a good combination for plant growth. The trees grow so thick that falling rain often never reaches the ground.
Animals  
A giant flying mammal, called the colugo, searches for fruits and flowers. It glides, making a greenish gray flash, from tree to tree. Flying lizards also glide through the trees. They don't really fly at all but spread flaps of skin or webbed toes to catch the air. Real flyers, like the hornbill, flap through the forest in search of food. The forest kingfisher munches on a katydid. Huge orange orangutans lumber from branch to branch, feeding on fruit and stripping leaves with their long fingers and teeth. Gibbons and proboscis monkeys also share the treetops. Later at night giant fruit-eating bats will wake up to search for ripe fruit. Tigers are the biggest meat eaters here as they search the forest floor for a tapir, tree shrew or barking deer. Pythons also hunt for unwary animals. The trees in the Asian rain forest are also home for many strange insects. The bright green leaf beetle shines in the light but blends so well into the dark leaves that it easily hides from its enemies. Crickets, walking sticks, long-horned and rhinoceros beetles also hide among the leaves. Some insects, like the flower mantid, are the color of the leaves and flowers they live on. This camouflage hides them safely in the forest. Large atlas moths and birdwing butterflies flutter by.
Plants  
The tapang tree is the tallest rain forest tree in the world. Strangler figs live in this forest, too, rooting in other trees. Teak trees are treasures for their precious wood, and wild ginger is a valued spice. Up on stilted roots, the screw pine is a strange sight. Because of the thin topsoil layer in rain forests, trees have shallow, widely spreading roots. As a result, the trees are easier to log because they can be simply knocked over with a bulldozer. Everywhere liana vines hang from trees, and ferns and flowers give the forest color. The pitcher plant takes advantage of the forest’s many insects by trapping them in its long neck and then dissolving them in the acid at the bottom.

28. 10. Where is the Sonoran Desert?
The Sonoran Desert is a big desert in the southwestern part of North America and people might just think deserts have not a living thing in sight, just hills of sand, well that is not true
The Sonoran Desert is located in North America and covers the southwestern parts of the state of Arizona, southeastern parts of the state of California in the United States and the state of Sonora in Mexico. The Sonoran Desert's location is at latitude 25° to 33° North and longitude 105° to 118° West.

29. The Sahara Desert?
The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the desert biome. It covers over 300 million square miles.

30. Mongolia and China
The Gobi Desert is a windswept and treeless plain that stretches from southern Mongolia to northern China. It is mostly rock, with none of the usual sandy dunes one would expect in a desert.

31. Grasslands or Prairie Range
From the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the Mississippi River, the pioneers cleared forest for farms and settlements. Some land has grown back to forest, and some has been kept open for farms. Most has been developed into towns and cities.
Habitat  
Fields of tall grass and wildflowers, whether left wild or cut late in the season for hay, are an example of a real habitat. Plants are food for insects, which in turn pollinate the plants and lay their eggs among their leaves. The eggs hatch thousands of offspring and the insects are eaten by birds, reptiles, small mammals, and even other insects.
Animals  
Insects are prey to so many animals that they have come up with special ways (adaptations) to survive. Late in the summer you can see the tall yellow heads of golden rods. They are used by gall flies, wasps and midges that lay their eggs in the stem of the plant. The hatching young insect (larva) causes the plant tissue to grow into a swell around the insect, forming a gall. The gall is a safe place for small insects to grow and form. Here it is safe from predators, cold and wet weather. Monarch butterfly caterpillars feed on milkweed plants. The milky sap of milkweed is poisonous, but not to the monarch. The poison is passed on to the monarch caterpillar and the adult butterfly. Predators learn not to eat monarchs and their caterpillars because of their toxic taste. Even butterflies that look like monarchs, like the viceroy butterfly, benefit from the monarch's bad taste. The spittle bug lays her eggs on the stem of a meadow plant and covers them with a frothy mass that looks like spit. This protects them from predators, parasites and the hot sun. Though insects are often thought of as pests, there are many that benefit people. Bees and butterflies are plant pollinators, helping our crops and fruit trees. Some insects eat other pest insects, like the ladybug eating aphids. Then there are spiders, not insects themselves, but a well-known insect eater. Less common insects like the praying mantis can help man by eating grasshoppers and other problem insects. Even the pest insects themselves have a role in their habitat. They are at the bottom of the food chain and are food for many other animals. Other animals found in meadows are; shrews, voles, mice, red fox, white-tailed deer , garter snakes, and many birds like; marsh hawks, redtailed hawk, woodcock, snipe, goldfinch, meadowlarks and many others.
Plants  
Meadows are not just grass. They are often full of wildflowers. Some plants you might see in a meadow include; milkweed, cow vetch, goldenrod, daisies, asters, fleabane, black-eyed Susan, Queen Anne's lace, clover, fireweed, meadow rue, mullein, burdock, thistles, chicory and many more.

32. 11. Where are Grasslands found in U.S.?
Range  
From the Atlantic Ocean shoreline to the Mississippi River, the pioneers cleared forest for farms and settlements. Some land has grown back to forest, and some has been kept open for farms. Most has been developed into towns and cities.
Habitat  
Fields of tall grass and wildflowers, whether left wild or cut late in the season for hay, are an example of a real habitat. Plants are food for insects, which in turn pollinate the plants and lay their eggs among their leaves. The eggs hatch thousands of offspring and the insects are eaten by birds, reptiles, small mammals, and even other insects.
Animals  
Insects are prey to so many animals that they have come up with special ways (adaptations) to survive. Late in the summer you can see the tall yellow heads of golden rods. They are used by gall flies, wasps and midges that lay their eggs in the stem of the plant. The hatching young insect (larva) causes the plant tissue to grow into a swell around the insect, forming a gall. The gall is a safe place for small insects to grow and form. Here it is safe from predators, cold and wet weather. Monarch butterfly caterpillars feed on milkweed plants. The milky sap of milkweed is poisonous, but not to the monarch. The poison is passed on to the monarch caterpillar and the adult butterfly. Predators learn not to eat monarchs and their caterpillars because of their toxic taste. Even butterflies that look like monarchs, like the viceroy butterfly, benefit from the monarch's bad taste. The spittle bug lays her eggs on the stem of a meadow plant and covers them with a frothy mass that looks like spit. This protects them from predators, parasites and the hot sun. Though insects are often thought of as pests, there are many that benefit people. Bees and butterflies are plant pollinators, helping our crops and fruit trees. Some insects eat other pest insects, like the ladybug eating aphids. Then there are spiders, not insects themselves, but a well-known insect eater. Less common insects like the praying mantis can help man by eating grasshoppers and other problem insects. Even the pest insects themselves have a role in their habitat. They are at the bottom of the food chain and are food for many other animals. Other animals found in meadows are; shrews, voles, mice, red fox, white-tailed deer , garter snakes, and many birds like; marsh hawks, redtailed hawk, woodcock, snipe, goldfinch, meadowlarks and many others.
Plants  
Meadows are not just grass. They are often full of wildflowers. Some plants you might see in a meadow include; milkweed, cow vetch, goldenrod, daisies, asters, fleabane, black-eyed Susan, Queen Anne's lace, clover, fireweed, meadow rue, mullein, burdock, thistles, chicory and many more.
The Chaparral ( shrubland), also know as California woodland and grasslands, is found on the coast of California in western North America.

34. Tall Grass Prairie
The Tall Grass Prairie lies mainly in the eastern portion of the Midwest. The grasses here often grow to be five feet tall. The annual rain totals here approach 30 inches.
Mixed Grass Prairie 
The Mixed Grass Prairie lies mainly in the middle portion of the Midwest. The grasses here often grow to be two and three feet tall. Typically, there are 15 to 25 inches of rain per year. This is the prairie where the buffalo once roamed.
Short Grass Prairie
The Short Grass Prairie lies mainly in the western portion of the Midwest, hugging the coast of the deserts and the Rocky Mountains into Canada. The grasses here grow to be no more than two feet tall. There is usually little more than ten inches of rain per year in these short grass prairies. Prairie Dogs are common in this area.

35. Grasslands The African Veldt and Savannah Range
The savannah and veldt make up the central part of Africa in a band across the continent and down the middle into South Africa. Some of the countries with savannah are Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Botswana, and South Africa.
Habitat  
In Africa, the grasslands are called savannahs and range from desert grass plains to those of trees and bushes. The veldt, typical of the interior of South Africa, is a vast area of treeless grassland. Together, this open country is home to many of the world's largest land animals.
Animals  
The cheetah is the fastest land animal in the world, but it cannot run that fast for long. The lions hunt differently than the cheetah. Members of the pride work together to scare a herd of grazing animals, while a lionesses hides in the tall grass waiting to ambush a passing zebra or gazelle. When the animal is dead, the lions take turns feeding on it and guarding it while others in the pride rest or go off to drink. Jackals and hyenas are mostly scavengers, feeding on animals that are already dead. Waiting until the big cats have eaten their fill, the jackals and hyenas move in to eat what is left over. They may even scan the sky for circling turkey vulture, other scavengers, that signal an animal nearby has died. Sometimes a big group of hyenas will steal a kill from a lion or kill an animal themselves. With few trees to slow them down, animals can run great distances on the veldt. The ostrich's seven-foot height and good eyesight give it a great advantage in seeing predators from far off. If danger is spotted, it runs! Animals on the veldt often travel in large herds. The more there are to watch and sniff the air for danger, the safer they are. That is why it is not unusual to see herds of ostriches, zebras, gazelles, and wildebeests traveling together. Living in groups is also a good way to search for food and teach the young. The termite is one of Africa's smaller animals, but it builds its home so large that they can be seen all across the savanna. The dung beetle builds its round nest in the droppings of other animals. Then it lays its eggs inside. As the offspring develop, they eat their way out of the nest. A common bird of the savanna is the weaverbird. Using long stems of grass, they weave great hanging nests. On the ground the secretary bird, named for its black-and-white suit and quill-like head feathers, hunts for mice and snakes to eat. From above, the brown harrier eagle circles, scanning the hot African plain. As always, life here is a race to find food without becoming someone else's meal.
Plants  
There are few trees on the African plain, just some acacia, baobab and palm trees, among plenty of grass. Cheetahs view the vast plain from the branches of the acacia tree. A thirsty elephant tears apart a baobab tree to eat the spongy, moist inner wood.

36. Grasslands The Pampas of South America Range
In Argentina, a flat, grassy plain, called the pampas, spreads from the Atlantic Ocean to the Andes Mountains.
Habitat  
Much of the pampas are dry and sandy. The areas that have water have been taken by the people of Argentina. There are still some of the natural grassland left, and with it, some of the wildlife.
Animals  
Burrowing owls hunt for insects, rodents, or birds. Then they go underground to sleep. Pampa deer and gray fox also live on this grassy plain. Small herds of guanacos live in the wild here. They are perfectly suited for the pampas. Their long necks help them see danger coming, and they can run quickly across the rocky plains. Newborn guanacos are on their feet within fifteen minutes of birth, and within an hour they are speeding along next to their mothers. A few herds of rhea, an ostrich-like bird, still roam the grasslands. One male protects a group of females and their eggs from hunting foxes or skunks. He then goes on to raise the young. The rhea cannot fly and have been hunted for their meat, for their feathers, and for sport almost to extinction.
Plants  
Silver pampas gras

37. Grasslands The Steppes of Central Asia Range
The grassland steppes of Eurasia spread from eastern China across Mongolia and Russia to Europe.
Habitat  
The soil can be a rich, fertile black with wildflowers as far as the eye can see. A silvery sea of grass bending in the wind for much of the year, the grasslands finally turn yellow in the summer. On the steppes, it can be both fiercely cold and deathly dry. Only the fit survive.
Animals  
Once herds of great tan horses, named after Russian explorer Przewalski, roamed this land. But by the 1960s these horses could be found only in zoos. Another rare sight on the grassland is the wild bactrian camels. Saiga travel in herds, grazing on the rich grass. They are able to survive even in times of drought because they can go for a long time without water. The saiga can live in the severe cold because of its strange snout that warms and wets (humidifies) the air. Once numbering in the millions, like the American bison, it was hunted and killed almost to extinction. Then it was legally protected and has now grown back to safer numbers. Large colonies of sand grouse feed on grass seeds and are known to fly amazing far in search of water. Bobac marmot burrow large communities on the steppes. Long-legged bustards run along on the ground, living on insects and small animals. They have been over-hunted because they are tasty game birds and have become scarce over much of their range. The marbled polecat searches burrows for rodents to eat. Very much like a weasel, this little meat eater can be a fierce fighter, especially if its young are in danger.
Plants  
A silvery sea of tufted grasses, wild tulips, irises, and steppe thistle, blue sage, camel’s grass, and poppies all sprinkle the plain.

38. The Chaparral biome also known as California woodlands and grasslands  is created when cool water from an ocean merges with a landmass that is at a high temperature. The terrain of this biome consists of flat plains, rocky hills and mountain slopes. Some plants are  oaks, pines and mahoganies, and brush such as narrow leaf golden brush. Also, some animals are Sonoma Chipmunk, Suisu Shrew, Scrub Jays, and Acorn Woodpeckers.
chaparral biome is found in small sections of most continents, including the west coast of the United States, the west coast of South America, the Cape Town area of South Africa, the western tip of Australia and the coastal areas of the Mediterranean. In Europe it is called the maquis, Australia has the mallee, Chile the matorral, and South Africa calls it fynbos. It is also called the Mediterranean Forest, Woodland, and Scrub biome. The chaparral biome has many different types of terrain. Some examples are flat plains, rocky hills and mountain slopes.
WEATHER: The chaparral is characterized as being very hot and dry. The winter is very mild and is usually about 50°F (10°C). Most of the rain in this biome comes in the winter. The summer is hot and dry at up to 100°F (37.5°C). This makes fires and droughts very common.
PLANTS: Most chaparral plants have large, hard leaves, which hold moisture. The plants are also very well adapted to fires. Plants in the chaparral often have root systems designed to get as much water as possible. Shallow roots extend horizontally under the surface of the soils and are good at catching water when it falls as rain; taproots extend deep into the soil to capture groundwater. Some examples of plants in the chaparral are toyon, chamise, poison oak, scrub oak, Yucca and other shrubs, trees and cacti. The maquis contains plants such as myrtle, hawthorn, and broom. The Australian mallee is more open than these other types of chaparral and consists mainly of dwarf eucalyptus trees. The fynbos is also composed mainly of scrub and shrubs, such as heathers and protea plants.
ANIMALS: The animals are all mainly grassland and desert types adapted to hot, dry weather. A few examples from California are: coyotes, jack rabbits, mule deer, alligator lizards, horned toads, praying mantis, honey bees and ladybugs. In Europe one might find wild goats, sheep, cattle, mouflon, horses, lynx, wild boar, rabbits, vultures and eagles. There are also many small mammals, reptiles and insects, just like in California. The fynbos of South Africa also has many butterfly species that rely on this habitat.
PEOPLE AND THE CHAPARRAL: In California, a main concern associated with the chaparral is the large human populations that live in and around this biome. In Santa Barbara we live in the chaparral habitat. The hills surrounding the city are chaparral. The islands off the coast are chaparral. With people living in this dry biome, we have to be concerned about fire. Fire occurs naturally, but can also be caused by human activity. There are many endangered and sensitive species living in this region. Surrounding Santa Barbara, we have two National Parks to help protect the important chaparral habitat. The Los Padres National Forest stretches from the hills northward to Monterey County, and the Channel Islands National Park includes the five northern Channel Islands off the coast. Both of these parks contain many natural and cultural resources, including unique species and Native American artifacts.

39. Range  
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world and they continue to grow. They are actually made up of several ranges running next to each other stretching 1,500 miles across southern Asia. The highest mountain in the world, Mt. Everest, stands between Tibet and Nepal at 29,028 feet. But one of the most spectacular mountains to view is the Annapurna. The most eastern Himalayas are mountains of Szechwan.
Habitat  
The Himalayas rise from a tropical base. As they do so, the landscape changes. Their summits form a great barrier running roughly east to west. The dry uplands spread north in Tibet. Though the Himalayas are remote and difficult to get to, many people still come to trek or climb these spectacular mountains. The sherpa -- people who live here and work as farmers and porters -- carry the baggage of climbers up the great peaks. Many visitors, as well as local peoples, have caused a huge loss of trees, which are cut down and used for firewood.
Animals  
The bamboo forests on the lower slopes are home to the giant panda, a species on the decline. The dense rhododendron thickets hide the lesser panda (or red panda). Curled up to sleep during the day, the lesser panda descends at night to eat bamboo, grasses, and small animals. High in the mountains small groups of takin browse. At the highest point between timberline and snowfields, bharal or blue sheep graze on open rocky slopes. Their blue-gray color hides them on the rocky hillsides of shale. Farther north huge yaks and tahr travel in herds searching for food. Tibetan gazelles also graze here. In the high mountains of Nepal, the snow leopard hunts blue sheep. The snow leopard blends so well with its surroundings and is so secretive that it is rarely seen by humans. Still, it is hunted eagerly for its soft, silken coat. No one knows exactly how many snow leopard are really left, but it is hoped that their isolation will help to preserve this beautiful, endangered animal.
Plants  
High up are scrubby spruce and pine. Then come the dense rhododendron thickets. On the lower slopes there are bamboo forests. Dwarf rhododendron grow on rocky slopes of the Tibetan plateau. Farther north, the vegetation is more meager with sparse Himalayan birch and pine.

40. 12. Where are the mountain ranges found?
The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world and they continue to grow. They are actually made up of several ranges running next to each other stretching 1,500 miles across southern Asia. The highest mountain in the world, Mt. Everest, stands between Tibet and Nepal at 29,028 feet. But one of the most spectacular mountains to view is the Annapurna. The most eastern Himalayas are mountains of Szechwan.
Habitat  
The Himalayas rise from a tropical base. As they do so, the landscape changes. Their summits form a great barrier running roughly east to west. The dry uplands spread north in Tibet. Though the Himalayas are remote and difficult to get to, many people still come to trek or climb these spectacular mountains. The sherpa -- people who live here and work as farmers and porters -- carry the baggage of climbers up the great peaks. Many visitors, as well as local peoples, have caused a huge loss of trees, which are cut down and used for firewood.
Animals  
The bamboo forests on the lower slopes are home to the giant panda, a species on the decline. The dense rhododendron thickets hide the lesser panda (or red panda). Curled up to sleep during the day, the lesser panda descends at night to eat bamboo, grasses, and small animals. High in the mountains small groups of takin browse. At the highest point between timberline and snowfields, bharal or blue sheep graze on open rocky slopes. Their blue-gray color hides them on the rocky hillsides of shale. Farther north huge yaks and tahr travel in herds searching for food. Tibetan gazelles also graze here. In the high mountains of Nepal, the snow leopard hunts blue sheep. The snow leopard blends so well with its surroundings and is so secretive that it is rarely seen by humans. Still, it is hunted eagerly for its soft, silken coat. No one knows exactly how many snow leopard are really left, but it is hoped that their isolation will help to preserve this beautiful, endangered animal.
Plants  
High up are scrubby spruce and pine. Then come the dense rhododendron thickets. On the lower slopes there are bamboo forests. Dwarf rhododendron grow on rocky slopes of the Tibetan plateau. Farther north, the vegetation is more meager with sparse Himalayan birch and pine.

41. Rocky Mountains

42. Coral Reefs

43. 12. Where are Coral Reefs found?

44. Coral Reef
Range  
Coral reefs are found along coastlines in warm climates throughout the world's oceans.
Habitat  
A coral reef is a habitat that has many different kinds of animals and plants in it. This is called diversity. It is also a habitat that is completely under water! The water must be salty and between 68° and 82° F. Coral reefs need this constant warm temperature to thrive. They need to be near land because the wave action brings nutrients (food) and oxygen to the life there. It also keeps sand from settling over the animals anchored there. There are 3 kinds of coral reefs. Fringing reefs run along a shoreline in shallow water, like the reefs around Hawaii or the Caribbean Islands. Barrier reefs run along continents and around islands further off the coast in the ocean. The largest barrier reef in the world is called the Great Barrier Reef and runs along the coast of Australia. It is 1,200 miles long. A reef called an atoll forms small islands that surround a lagoon of water. There are many atolls in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. Coral reefs are in danger. They can be hurt by people collecting pretty corals or just by walking on the delicate plants and animals. Coral reefs are hurt by pollution and over-fishing. If the zooxanthellae alga dies from pollution or changing water temperatures, the coral loses its pretty colors. This is called coral bleaching and is a sign of an unhealthy coral reef.
Animals  
The coral itself may look like rock but it is actually animal! Coral is the most common animal found on the coral reef. Coral starts as a small floating polyp that attaches to the reef. Here they stay anchored their whole lives. They can't chase prey, but have tentacles that sting and capture prey. Their tentacles are also sticky so they can also snag food particles as they float by. Other reef animals include: sea urchins, sponges, sea stars, worms, sea slug, fish, sharks, rays, lobsters, shrimp, octopus, snails, jellyfish, clams, sea turtles, sea anemones, and fish.
Plants  
Plants on the coral reef are at the bottom of the food chain (just like on land) and are food, make oxygen and shelter the animals living there. They make food, using photosynthesis from the sun's energy. Some coral reef plants include: sea grass, algae and plankton. The most important algae on the coral reef is called: zooxanthellae. It lives in the coral tissue itself, feeding the coral food and oxygen and taking up the carbon dioxide. Zooxanthella is what gives coral its many pretty colors.

45. The Intertidal Zones - Tide Pool Habitat
Range  
The Intertidal Zones or Tide Pool Habitats are found on coastlines worldwide.
Habitat  
The intertidal zone ecosytem is generally broken down into 4 areas.
The Spray Zone (or Supratidal Zone -- above the tide zone): This zone is high up on the beach above where even the high tide reaches. But it does get sprayed by big waves and flooded during storms and unusually high tides. Not much wildlife or plant life survives here. It is like a desert. You can sometimes find some small barnacles and marine lichen.
The High Tide Zone (or Upper Mid-littoral Zone): This zone is underwater only when the tide is high. It is a very salty area, as small pools are left when the tide goes out and they evaporate leaving the salt to collect. You can find sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles and mussels.
The Middle Tide Zone (or Lower Mid-littoral Zone): This zone spends half its time under water and half its time in the open air. This zone gets the fiercest wave action. This is where you start to see seaweed. Wildlife in the middle tide zone includes: sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins and green algae.
The Low Tide Zone (or Lower Littoral Zone): This zone is mostly underwater. It gets dry only for a short time during low tide. There are tons of wildlife in this zone. You can find lots of seaweeds, sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins, abalone, sea slugs, sea cucumbers and green algae.
Animals  
You can find sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins, abalone, sea slugs, sea cucumbers, periwinkles, octopus, and small fish.
Plants  
You will find seaweed and green algae.

46. 13. Where are the Intertidal Zones - Tide Pool Habitat?
Range  
The Intertidal Zones or Tide Pool Habitats are found on coastlines worldwide.
Habitat  
The intertidal zone ecosytem is generally broken down into 4 areas.
The Spray Zone (or Supratidal Zone -- above the tide zone): This zone is high up on the beach above where even the high tide reaches. But it does get sprayed by big waves and flooded during storms and unusually high tides. Not much wildlife or plant life survives here. It is like a desert. You can sometimes find some small barnacles and marine lichen.
The High Tide Zone (or Upper Mid-littoral Zone): This zone is underwater only when the tide is high. It is a very salty area, as small pools are left when the tide goes out and they evaporate leaving the salt to collect. You can find sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles and mussels.
The Middle Tide Zone (or Lower Mid-littoral Zone): This zone spends half its time under water and half its time in the open air. This zone gets the fiercest wave action. This is where you start to see seaweed. Wildlife in the middle tide zone includes: sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins and green algae.
The Low Tide Zone (or Lower Littoral Zone): This zone is mostly underwater. It gets dry only for a short time during low tide. There are tons of wildlife in this zone. You can find lots of seaweeds, sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins, abalone, sea slugs, sea cucumbers and green algae.
Animals  
You can find sea anemones, crabs, starfish, snails, limpets, barnacles, mussels, sponges, shrimp, chitons, sea urchins, abalone, sea slugs, sea cucumbers, periwinkles, octopus, and small fish.
Plants  
You will find seaweed and green algae.

47. The Oceans
Range  
The oceans cover 75% of the earth. They are all connected, but for the purpose of naming them they have been divided. The largest is the Pacific Ocean, then the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the western side of North and South America across to Asia and north to south from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The Atlantic Ocean is found between the eastern coasts of North and South America and the western coasts of Europe and Africa. The Indian Ocean stretches from the east coast of Africa across to the west coast of Australia, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The Southern Ocean encircles the continent of Antarctica. The Arctic Ocean includes a circular area surrounding the North Pole and is frozen solid much of the year.
Habitat  
Scientists break down the ocean in several ways. Physically, the ocean is divided into open water (the pelagic division) and the ocean floor (the benthic division.)
It is also divided into two major life zones. The coastal zone includes the shallow, warmer waters along the coast, full of nutrient-rich matter that supports life. The coastal zone covers everything from the high tide mark to the continental shelf. 90% of all ocean life lives in the coastal zone, though it makes up about 10% of the ocean. It also is the most heavily used by humans for fishing and recreation, so is the most impacted by pollution and over use. The open sea includes the rest of the ocean away from land.
Lastly, the ocean is also divided into vertical zones (from top to bottom). The upper part of the ocean to 656 feet deep (200m) where sunlight can reach is the photic zone (or euphotic zone). Deeper than 656 feet it is dark. This is the aphotic zone (or abyssal zone).  Between the two layers is a dimly lit zone called the bathyal zone.
The photic zone is where sunlight can reach the tiny phytoplankton algae (microscopic ocean plants) for photosynthesis -- the way plants make food from sunlight. Phytoplankton is the bottom of the food chain, giving food to small floating sea creatures (zooplankton) and small fish. From there, larger and larger sea animals can feed.
These vertical zones can be divided more specifically for study.
This top layer of the ocean is where most life is found. This photic zone of the pelagic division of the ocean is called the sunlight zone or epipelagic zone. The epipelagic zone has fish, whales, dolphins, and sharks. As you go deeper into the ocean is gets darker and the water pressure increases.
The next zone that goes from 656 feet to about 3,281 feet (1,000 m) is called the twilight zone or mesopelagic zone. There is very little light here, but many animals live here, including animals that make their own light (bioluminescent).
The next zone that goes from 3,281 feet to 13,124 feet (4,000 m) is called the dark zone or bathypelagic zone. No light reaches this zone, yet many animals are still found here. Besides for the glowing (bioluminescent) animals, sperm whales dive for squid at this great depth. They must be able to stand the very great water pressure at this depth.
The next zone that goes from 13,124 feet to 19,686 feet (6,000 m) is called the abyss or abyssopelagic zone. The water is very cold, dark and under extreme pressure at this depth. Very little life is found here, except for some kinds of squid, worms and sea stars.
The deepest zone that goes from 19,686 feet to 32,810 feet (10,000 m) is called the trenches or hadalpelagic zone. This depth is only found in deep ocean trenches. Even in these cold, dark places there are animals; like starfish and worms that survive.
Animals  
There are a huge number and variety of animals that live in the ocean. Countless species of fish, marine mammals; like whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and manatees, crustaceans; like crabs, lobsters and barnacles, mollusks like; clams, mussels and octopus. There are many kinds of sharks, sea turtles, jellyfish, anemones, star fish, corals and sting rays.
Plants  
There are many kinds of plants in the ocean. The most important plant may be the smallest, phytoplankton. This microscopic algae floats on the ocean surface and uses sunlight to make energy through photosynthesis. Other plants include many kinds of seaweed, sea grass and kelp.

48. Where are the Oceans of the world?
Range  
The oceans cover 75% of the earth. They are all connected, but for the purpose of naming them they have been divided. The largest is the Pacific Ocean, then the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean stretches from the western side of North and South America across to Asia and north to south from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The Atlantic Ocean is found between the eastern coasts of North and South America and the western coasts of Europe and Africa. The Indian Ocean stretches from the east coast of Africa across to the west coast of Australia, including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The Southern Ocean encircles the continent of Antarctica. The Arctic Ocean includes a circular area surrounding the North Pole and is frozen solid much of the year.
Habitat  
Scientists break down the ocean in several ways. Physically, the ocean is divided into open water (the pelagic division) and the ocean floor (the benthic division.)
It is also divided into two major life zones. The coastal zone includes the shallow, warmer waters along the coast, full of nutrient-rich matter that supports life. The coastal zone covers everything from the high tide mark to the continental shelf. 90% of all ocean life lives in the coastal zone, though it makes up about 10% of the ocean. It also is the most heavily used by humans for fishing and recreation, so is the most impacted by pollution and over use. The open sea includes the rest of the ocean away from land.
Lastly, the ocean is also divided into vertical zones (from top to bottom). The upper part of the ocean to 656 feet deep (200m) where sunlight can reach is the photic zone (or euphotic zone). Deeper than 656 feet it is dark. This is the aphotic zone (or abyssal zone).  Between the two layers is a dimly lit zone called the bathyal zone.
The photic zone is where sunlight can reach the tiny phytoplankton algae (microscopic ocean plants) for photosynthesis -- the way plants make food from sunlight. Phytoplankton is the bottom of the food chain, giving food to small floating sea creatures (zooplankton) and small fish. From there, larger and larger sea animals can feed.
These vertical zones can be divided more specifically for study.
This top layer of the ocean is where most life is found. This photic zone of the pelagic division of the ocean is called the sunlight zone or epipelagic zone. The epipelagic zone has fish, whales, dolphins, and sharks. As you go deeper into the ocean is gets darker and the water pressure increases.
The next zone that goes from 656 feet to about 3,281 feet (1,000 m) is called the twilight zone or mesopelagic zone. There is very little light here, but many animals live here, including animals that make their own light (bioluminescent).
The next zone that goes from 3,281 feet to 13,124 feet (4,000 m) is called the dark zone or bathypelagic zone. No light reaches this zone, yet many animals are still found here. Besides for the glowing (bioluminescent) animals, sperm whales dive for squid at this great depth. They must be able to stand the very great water pressure at this depth.
The next zone that goes from 13,124 feet to 19,686 feet (6,000 m) is called the abyss or abyssopelagic zone. The water is very cold, dark and under extreme pressure at this depth. Very little life is found here, except for some kinds of squid, worms and sea stars.
The deepest zone that goes from 19,686 feet to 32,810 feet (10,000 m) is called the trenches or hadalpelagic zone. This depth is only found in deep ocean trenches. Even in these cold, dark places there are animals; like starfish and worms that survive.
Animals  
There are a huge number and variety of animals that live in the ocean. Countless species of fish, marine mammals; like whales, dolphins, seals, walrus, and manatees, crustaceans; like crabs, lobsters and barnacles, mollusks like; clams, mussels and octopus. There are many kinds of sharks, sea turtles, jellyfish, anemones, star fish, corals and sting rays.
Plants  
There are many kinds of plants in the ocean. The most important plant may be the smallest, phytoplankton. This microscopic algae floats on the ocean surface and uses sunlight to make energy through photosynthesis. Other plants include many kinds of seaweed, sea grass and kelp.

49. Oceans

50. 14. What is the intertidal zone?

52. Taiga (coniferous forest) Temperate Deciduous Forest
Classify the following biomes.
Desert
Tundra
Taiga (coniferous forest)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Grassland
Tropical rain forest
Swamp

53. It is hot during the
and cold at night
and there is
almost no water.

54. 2. It is dry, cold and the soil is permanently frozen.

55. 3. It is also known as coniferous forest because the main plants are conifers.

56. 4. Deciduous trees or trees with leaves that change color based on seasons.

57. 5. It has fertile soil, grasses and few trees.

58. 6. Very wet, always arm, with thin, poor soil.

59. 7. Very wet, nutrient rich soil, with many plants.

60. Taiga (coniferous forest) Temperate Deciduous Forest
Match the living things with biomes.
Desert
Tundra
Taiga (coniferous forest)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Grassland
Tropical rain forest
Swamp

61. 8. Cactus

62. 9. Lichens and mosses

63. 10. Conifers

64. 11. Deciduous trees

65. 12. Grasses and few trees

66. 13. Camel, reptiles

67. 14. Migrating birds and
mosquitoes

68. 15. Mammals, birds

69. Precipitation in Different Biomes

70. Sahara Desert of Africa

71. Australian Desert