2. Closing the Frontier 2 nd Period Kelly Valdez Sam Klyce

3.  The American West and East were far from similar  The West focused more on urbanization and farming while keeping tribal traditions  The East wanted to produce professions and cities  The Transcontinental Railroad was one of the causes of controversy between Whites and Native Americans  Americans migrated westward in a cheaper way only by the transportation of horseback or a Conestoga Wagon  The American West and East were far from similar  The West focused more on urbanization and farming while keeping tribal traditions  The East wanted to produce professions and cities  The Transcontinental Railroad was one of the causes of controversy between Whites and Native Americans  Americans migrated westward in a cheaper way only by the transportation of horseback or a Conestoga Wagon

4. The Massacre at Sand Creek  Sand Creek was an Indian Village made up of 800 Cheyenne Indians – Tribe was led by Black Kettle  Kettle had been promised of the US army that his territory would not be harmed, however, the next morning a group known as the Colorado Volunteers attacked the village  The Volunteers were led by John Chivington who proclaimed “Kill and scalp all, big and little.”  Indians who tried to escape or plead for help were shot  In total, about 400 Indians were killed  Sand Creek was an Indian Village made up of 800 Cheyenne Indians – Tribe was led by Black Kettle  Kettle had been promised of the US army that his territory would not be harmed, however, the next morning a group known as the Colorado Volunteers attacked the village  The Volunteers were led by John Chivington who proclaimed “Kill and scalp all, big and little.”  Indians who tried to escape or plead for help were shot  In total, about 400 Indians were killed

6. Retaliation of Sand Creek  Indians around America concurred that they must strike back  Red Cloud and his warriors struck a construction sight where troops were at work and slaughtered all 81 of the soldiers  In 1968, the USA passed the Treaty of Fort Laramie reaffirming Indian territory by the government  Indians around America concurred that they must strike back  Red Cloud and his warriors struck a construction sight where troops were at work and slaughtered all 81 of the soldiers  In 1968, the USA passed the Treaty of Fort Laramie reaffirming Indian territory by the government

7. The Dawes Act  In the Dawes Act, Native American families were given approximately 160 acres of tribal land  Congress did this as a way to slowly break the Indians into American society. After 25 years, Indians could become American citizens  This act was very unsuccessful as many Indians found it too difficult to change their way of life

8. The Americanizing Failure  Schools were set up for Native American children to learn Eastern American common core  If a student did not show up, authorities could search their homes legally  The overall affect of Americanizing Indian children was a disaster, as the Dawes Act was repealed in 1934

9. The Wounded Knee Massacre  Religious views were started within the American tribes as soon as the Sioux were forced into reservation by being held to gunpoint  In 1888, the “Ghost Dance” was created by Wovoka – people would chant, have visions, and meditate throughout the South and West  They wore white shirts they called “ghost shirts” which they believed would prevent white man bullets from penetrating them (this did not work)

10.  After demands were given from South Dakota residents and the US army to end the ghost dance, the Sioux had no choice except to be transported to Wounded Knee Creek  On December 29, 1890, tension arose when shots were fired after the Sioux were told to surrender their weapons

11.  Nearly 300 men, women, and children laid dead on the ground after the attack was over, including Chief Big Foot  This marked the last fight between Native Americans and the US army, causing the Frontier to be officially closed in 1890

12. “Treat all men alike.... give them all the same law. Give them all an even chance to live and grow. You might as well expect the rivers to run backward as that any man who is born a free man should be contented when penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. We only ask an even chance to live as other men live. We ask to be recognized as men. Let me be a free man...free to travel... free to stop...free to work...free to choose my own teachers...free to follow the religion of my Fathers...free to think and talk and act for myself.” ― Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American WestDee BrownBury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West

13. Bibliography Schweikart, Larry, and Michael Allen. A Patriot's History of the United States: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror. New York: Sentinel, 2004. Print. "Closing the Frontier." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015.

14. Questions

15. 8. According to the Dawes Act, Indians could become American citizens after… A.5 years B.20 years C.25 years D.27 years 7. Under the Dawes Act, Authorities had the right to search a home if… A.There were complaints of marijuana from that household B.A child didn’t go to school C.There were complaints of the ghost dance being held there D.All of the above 8. The Ghost dance was created in… A.1880 B.1884 C.1888 D.1892 9. After demands were given from South Dakota residents and the US army to end the ghost dance, the Sioux… A.Had to be transported B.Refused to stop C.Agreed and made friends with US soldiers D.Gave demands to US soldiers to leave them alone 10. The last fight between Native Americans and the US army resulted in how many Indian deaths? A.200 B.250 C.300 D.350