1. ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
AN ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND CARBON EMISSIONS RELATED TO URBAN RESIDENTIAL DENSITY IN A DEVELOPING CITY
Nurrohman Wijaya
(107753)
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENT, RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
17 MAY2010
Nurrohman Wijaya

2. URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
Social sector
Ecological systems
Economic sector
Background
Intensive material accompanied by population growth & physical expansion
Life style and behavior pattern (indirectly)
Significant Impact to CLIMATE CHANGE
Growth of energy use and carbon emissions in urban area
Understanding the relationship among urban form, energy use & environmental impacts
URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Nurrohman Wijaya

3. INTRODUCTION Statement of the research problem
Lack of understanding, awareness and knowledge by local government and citizens
Making the adverse impacts
Limited on quantifying of energy use and carbon emissions
Difficulty in obtaining city-scale data, difference between political & functional city boundaries, major policy decisions at the national level.
Lack of understanding, awareness and knowledge by local government and citizens makes the adverse impact
Quantifying of energy use and CO2 emissions are usually seriously limited due to the difficulty in obtaining city-scale data, difference between the political and functional city boundaries. Also, major policy decisions on energy-related issues are made at the national level.
Although there are many published papers but the study of effective measures which incorporate the factors contributing in local level in urban areas is fewer.
There are many published papers
Fewer studies on effective measures which incorporate the factors contributing in local level in urban area
Nurrohman Wijaya

4. INTRODUCTION
Research Questions and Objectives
The main objective is to assess energy use and carbon emissions of urban residential density in a developing city context.
What is the relationship between energy use and carbon emissions?
To explain the relationship
What are perceptions , responses, characteristics of citizens?
To investigate responses, perceptions and characteristics
What are factors contributing to energy use and carbon emissions?
To determine significant factors contributing
What are the current measures from local government?
To recommend future measures in term of carbon emissions reduction and energy efficiency in the city
What is the relationship between energy use and carbon emissions in urban residential sector?
How are perceptions and responses of citizens related to energy use and emission in urban residential sector?
What are the characteristics of citizens including gender aspect related to energy use and carbon emission in different urban residential density areas?
What are factors contributing to energy use and carbon emissions in urban residential sector and how are interrelated with these factors?
What are the current measures from local government in term of carbon emissions reduction and energy efficiency in urban residential sector?
Nurrohman Wijaya

5. INTRODUCTION Scope and Limitations
The scope area of the study is urban residential area in Bandung City, Indonesia. The study is conducted on sampling of household survey.
Limitation is only to energy use contributing of carbon emissions in residential sectors from anthropogenic activities.
The assumption is that energy and carbon emissions resulted on transport purpose is getting from gasoline fuel, cooking purpose is from LPG fuel, and electricity purpose is from home appliance and equipments use.
Residential density is calculated on the basis of gross land area referring to the total land area of a residential area.
Nurrohman Wijaya

6. Energy Consumption by Sector Including Biomass in Indonesia
Source: Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia, 2008
Percentage of CO2 Emission from Energy Consumption by Sector in Indonesia, 2007
Source: State of Environment in Indonesia, 2008

7. Urban Residential Development in Bandung City
Housing Development by Developers
Expansion of Bandung City in
Period
Number of houses built (unit)
Up to end of 1980
3,240
1981 – 1990
8,829
1991 – 2000
16,743
2001 – 2008
9,344
Source: Real Estate of Indonesia (REI) of West Java Province, 2008
Growing up from the inner city to periphery area by following concentric pattern and leads to the development of unplanned urban sprawl.

8. Map of Bandung City
Nurrohman Wijaya

9. Contextual attributes
The Features of Three Urban residential Density Areas in Developing City
Contextual attributes
Low Density Area
Medium Density Area
High density area
Gross residential density area
<500 dwelling unit/km2
500-1,000 dwelling unit/km2
>1,000 dwelling unit/km2
Location
Periphery/suburban area
Between the center and periphery
Geographical center the city
Shape of land plot
Regular/orderly arranged
Irregular/ Unorderly arranged
Land use
Mostly residential uses
Mixed use
Single use
Planning intervention
Cluster planned
Planned
Unplanned
Type of residential area
Real Estate/Housing Estate
Grid row pattern housing
“Kampung” or Slums
Resident income
Middle-high income earners
Middle income earners
Low-middle income earners
Note: A traditional kampung is an unplanned residential area, which is organically grown without sufficient development control (Permana et. al., 2008)
Nurrohman Wijaya

10. Residential Plots in High Density Residential Area
Residential Plots in Low Density Residential Area
Residential Plots in Medium Density Residential Area
Nurrohman Wijaya

11. Research Concept

12. Data Analysis Method and Sample Size
Primary data collected through various approaches. It was mainly obtained from the interview and discussion with public officials. The approaches that used for collecting primary data are: field observation, interview and questionnaire survey.
Secondary data was collected from available reports and publications from the relevant institutions and agencies in Bandung City. No
Target Area
District
No of samples 1
Low Residential Area
Bandung Kidul, Buahbatu
40 HH 2
Medium Residential Area
Antapani, Arcamanik, Bandung Wetan, Cicadas, Lengkong, Margacinta, Rancasari, Sukajadi, Sumur Bandung
100 HH 3
High Residential Area
Coblong, Kiara Condong
60 HH
Total population in Bandung is about 2,100,000 persons, with 420,000 HH

13. Multiple Regression Analysis and Conversion Factors
The household survey was evaluating the influencing factors to carbon emission and energy use and find out significant variables.
Standard regression analysis was applied to determine whether which variables should be included as key influencing factors. The dependent variables are amount of carbon emissions and energy use.
To aggregate amount of gasoline, fuel cooking and electric usage into a single carbon dioxide emissions and energy use index, it applies carbon and energy conversion factors.
Energy use described in this study corresponds to the total fuel and electrical energy required for cooking, transport and home appliances used purposes, measured in gigajoules (GJ) or mega joules (MJ). Meanwhile, carbon emissions are measured as total metric ton (tones) of CO2 equivalents (eq.), which is calculated in accordance with IPCC (2007).

14. House Building Condition
Target area
Total
Low density area
Medium density area
High density area
Permanent 40
100.0% 97
98.0% 45
75.0%
182
91.5%
Semi-permanent
0.0% 1
1.0% 13
21.7% 14
7.0%
Not permanent 2
3.3% 3
1.5% 99 60
199
Note: the number of respondents is contained within parentheses; significance at the level.
House building condition in study area has high percentage in permanent condition. The statistical analysis is mentioned that there is significant association between house building condition and urban residential density area.

15. House Building Condition
Target area
Total
Low density area
Medium density area
High density area
Permanent 40
100.0% 97
98.0% 45
75.0%
182
91.5%
Semi-permanent
0.0% 1
1.0% 13
21.7% 14
7.0%
Not permanent 2
3.3% 3
1.5% 99 60
199
Note: the number of respondents is contained within parentheses; significance at the level.
House building condition in study area has high percentage in permanent condition. The statistical analysis is mentioned that there is significant association between house building condition and urban residential density area.

16. Profile of Respondents
Status of Respondent in Study Area
Marital Status of Respondent in Study Area
Age Distribution
Education of Level

17. Households in percent using appliances (%)
Household Characteristic in Urban Residential Sector Related to Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission
Type of appliances
Households in percent using appliances (%)
Low density area
Medium density area
High density area
Electric coffee maker
17.9
6.0
0.0
Toaster
71.8
21.0
1.7
Refrigerator
100.0
94.0
63.3
Microwave
64.1
37.0
Rice cooker
90.0
78.3
Washing machine
94.9
79.0
35.0
Water heater and cooler
61.5
33.0
15.0
Pan
35.9
59.0
45.0
Air conditioner
43.6
22.0
Television
93.3
Radio
74.0
55.0
DVD Player
72.0
Computer
56.0
11.7
Notebook
53.0
Printer
49.0
3.3
Well pump
21.7
Telephone
80.0
25.0
Hand phone
73.3
Electric iron
91.0
91.7

18. Perception of Households in Using Electronic Appliances
Items
Target Area
Total
Low
Medium
High
Frequency of using cooking appliances***
More than one time in one day 26 86 34
146
One time in one day 13 18 44
Between one/day and one/week 1 3
One time in one week 5
Less than one time in one week 40
100 59
199
Attitude for using electronic appliance*
Still connected to power supply every time 17 4 24
Connected if we need 29 58
121
Sometime connect and sometime not connect 7 25 22 54 39 60
*Significant at the level 0.1 or better (p<0.1); **Significant at the level 0.05 or better (p<0.05); ***Significant at the level 0.01 or better (p<0.01)
Mostly the respondents are using electronic appliances more than one time in one day. In addition, there is significant correlation between frequency of suing electronic appliances and different urban residential density area.
Majority respondents answer that they will use the appliances when they need. The attitude and behavior of respondents using electronic appliances will contribute to energy consumption and carbon emission in urban residential sector.

19. Relationship between Carbon Emissions and Energy Use
There is association between residential density with new urban development, particularly emerging as a primary issue for rigorous energy and environmental analyses (Newman and Kenworthy, 1999 & Gurin, 2003)
Norman (2006) showed that low-density suburban development is more energy and GHG intensive than high-density urban core development on a per capita basis.
The finding of ANOVA analysis of carbon emission and energy use in urban residential density is significantly associated.
It can be explained that there is significant contribution carbon emission and energy use related to urban residential development.

20. Single-factor ANOVA Analysis of Carbon Emission and Energy Use in Urban Residential Density Areas
Aspect
Source of Variation
Sum of Square (SS)
Degree of Freedom
Mean Square (MS)
F statistic
Significant level
Carbon emission
Between Group
Within Group
Total
51,291,
379,288,
430,579, 2
197
199
25,645,
1,925,
13.320
0.000
Energy use
441,552,
951,501,
1.393E9
220,776,
4,829,
45.710
Residents who live in different of urban residential density area behave differently with respect to carbon emission and energy consumption.
Carbon emission and energy use have significance difference with three types of urban residential density area.
Urban residential density form has an influence on energy consumption and carbon emissions.

21. Energy Use at Household Level in Urban Residential Density
Source: Household survey, 2009
The average total of energy consumption in study area is dominated by transport energy (2, MJ/HH/month). Energy consumption in low density area is higher than medium and high density area.

22. Carbon Emission at Household Level in Urban Residential Density
Source: Household survey, 2009
The total average of carbon emission in study area is dominated from electricity used by residents (1, tonCO2eq/HH/month). Low density area has high number of carbon emission in every activities.

23. Result of Significant Factors Influencing Carbon Emissions
No.
Independent variables
Coefficients
t-value
Significant level 1
Electricity using (kWH)
3.894
6.132
0.000** 2
Electricity cost
0.005
4.064 3
Condition of public transport
3.577 4
Total household members in low education level
-2.625
0.009** 5
Total household members in compulsory educational level
33.139
2.209
0.028* 6
Expenditure level more than IDR 2,000,000
-3.443
0.001** 7
Number of car
2.422
0.016* 8
Awareness to energy efficiency
2.068
0.040*
Adjusted R2
0.937
F-test
0.000
*Significant at the 0.05 level or better (p<0.05); **Significant at the 0.01 level or better (p<0.01)

24. Current Policies in Residential Sector
Measures
Description
Urban greening program
Regulated by the National Act No 26/2007 on Spatial Planning that every city should provide a minimum of 30% open spaces of the total area.
The One Million Trees Program
Energy saving program
In the national level policies, under the Ministry of Resources and Energy by providing lamp that can increase energy safety in the house and also campaign to turn off the electricity if it is not used anymore.
Mass transportation and reduce private vehicles
The Government of Bandung City is planning to establish a bus lane called the Trans Metro Bandung (TMB).
Gasification of cooking fuel
Changing kerosene use to LPG. This program is targeted especially for the low-income people who mostly use kerosene for their cooking stove.
Urban planning
The city’s plan is formulated under the Spatial Plan of Bandung City
Urban design policies (building codes/ regulations)
Government of Bandung City has also formulated several building regulations.

25. Potential Measures in Different Urban Residential Density Areas
Response to
Potential Measures
High Density Area
Medium Density Area
Low Density Area
Type of housing
Status of housing
Condition of public transport
Number of vehicles
Electricity cost
Transportation cost
Awareness of respondents
Gender perspective
Regulatory measure
Land use planning
*** ** *
Building design and standard
Economic measure
Financial incentives
Tax incentives
Subsidies
Suasive measure
Awareness campaign
Public education
*Low; **Average; ***Strong
Three main kinds of Environmental Management Measures (EMM) are considered as a response to key influencing factors, current policies and respondents respond.

26. Conclusions
It can be found that high density area has generated much lower energy use and carbon emission rather than low and medium density area. Thus, the behavior and attitude of consumers of residents in different type of residential density areas have influenced the energy use and carbon emission.
In general, factors contributing to carbon emission are energy use, public transport, and individual factor. In addition, factors contributing to energy use are energy use, housing factor, and individual factor.
There are several potential measures which address on key influencing factors and respondent responds for each type of environmental management measures, such as urban land use planning and building standards, financial incentives, subsidies and awareness campaign.
Because high density area’s residents are not much using vehicle to destination place and not much home appliances that they used because mostly the people who stay in this place are low-medium income people. It differs than low density area that percentage of home appliance and vehicle using is much higher than high density area.
Nurrohman Wijaya

27. Recommendations
It needs integrated public transport by considering quantity and quality, especially in low density suburban area, and improvement the condition of high density area to build high rise building such as apartment, multi-stories low cost building, etc. by considering the availability of facilities and better environment.
An Approach to Energy Efficient City and Low Carbon City Related to Urban Residential Sector
Integrating energy efficiency and carbon emission in spatial planning measure.
Encouraging financial incentives in term of green energy and building.
Promoting public education to citizen about energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction to local authorities and citizens with purpose to enhance awareness and knowledge.

28. Energy Efficiency City and Low Carbon City
Towards Energy Efficient City and Low Carbon City Related to Urban Residential Density in A Developing City
Energy Efficiency City and Low Carbon City
Integrating energy efficiency & carbon emission in spatial planning measure
Promoting public education
Encouraging financial incentives

29. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION