2. 2000/2001 Household Budget Survey (HBS) Conducted by The National Bureau of Statistics

3. Sample Design 22,178 Households were covered in 2000/01 Around 1,000 Households in each region The Survey provides Regional Estimates 4,823 Households were covered in 1991/92 It provides National Estimates Both surveys provide rural/urban/DSM

4. Information Collected Household Members’ Education, Economic Activities and Health Status Household Expenditure, Consumption and Income Ownership of Consumer Goods and Assets Housing Structure and Building Materials, and Household Access to Services and Facilities

5. Analysis: General Issues In framework of poverty monitoring & policy: Tanzania development Vision 2025, National Poverty Eradication Strategy and the PRSP, Analysis guided by the Research and Analysis TWG and stakeholder consultations Provides a baseline for the future Describes trends in 1990s, comparing with HBS 1991/92

6. RESULTS The Tanzanian Household

7. Percentage of Households Headed by Women by Area

8. Percentage of Households Living in Dwellings Made of Modern Materials

9. Household Amenities Fall in Average Distance to Some Key Services (Markets, Public Transport, Shops) Increase in Ownership of a Number of Consumer Goods 10% of Hhs are Connected to Electricity National Grid This Increased in Urban Areas Only

10. Percentage of Households with Mains Electricity

11. Education

12. Percentage of Adults with Some Education, by Sex and Area, 2000/01

13. Percentage of Children Aged 7-13 in School, 1991/92 and 2000/01

14. There are Many Over Aged Children in Primary School They are Often Below the Class they Should be in for Their Age Enrolment in Secondary Education is Low, 5% of 14 – 17 year olds are in Forms 1-IV

15. Health

16. Percent of People Ill or Injured in the Last Four Weeks

17. Source of Consultation Government Dispensary/hospital41.6 Regional hospital3.1 Community health centre10.4 Private, modern Dispensary/hospital22.3 Doctor/dentist7.0 Missionary hospital/dispensary 9.2 Other Traditional healer15.0 Pharmacy/chemist2.5 Other1.7

18. Client (User) Satisfaction Clients reported most dissatisfaction with Govt. Providers Long waiting times Lack of Drugs High Cost of Modern private care Ineffectiveness of Treatment for Traditional Healers

19. Drinking Water

20. Source of Drinking Water

21. Economic Activities

22. Economic Activity of Adults Activity91/9200/01 Farming, livestock or fishing 72.863.2 Employee – government 3.41.9 Employee – parastatal 1.80.6 Employee – other 2.04.1 Self-employed with employees 4.51.9 Self-employed without employees 0.36.1 Unpaid family helper in business 1.88.5 Housewife, house-maker or household chores 3.66.2 Student 6.32.8 Inactive 3.54.6 Total 100.0

23. About 89% of Rural Hhs owned Land for Agriculture or Grazing, As was in 1991/92 The Degree of Agriculture Mechanisation among Rural Hhs is Low – 11% Own a Plough, only 0.2% have a Tractor

24. Household Consumption

25. Expenditure Recorded over One Month The survey recorded everything that the interviewed households consumed over one month It included food and other items that have been purchased, and food grown by the Hh and consumed during the month It excluded household expenditure that was not for consumption, e.g., purchasing inputs for a farm worked by the household

26. Trends in Household Consumption Expenditure per Person Average Consumption is highest in Dar es Salaam and lowest in Rural Areas (TShs. 21,949 compared to 8,538) After adjusting for inflation, Hh consumption rose by around 17% The largest rise was in DSM

27. Percentage Share of Consumption by type of Item Consumed 1991/922002/02 Food – Purchased35.838.6 Food – Home Produced35.526.8 Durable Goods7.27.3 Medical Expenditure0.92.2 Education Expenditure0.82.0 Other Non – Durable19.723.1 Total100.0 of which, Total Food71.365.4

28. Income Poverty and Inequality

29. House- hold Data Total Exp. Non- Cons. AE Poverty Line Not Poor Overview of Poverty Analysis AE = Adult Equivalent

30. Poverty Lines – TShs for 28 days per Adult Equivalent 1991/922000/0 1 Food Poverty Line2,0835,295 Basic Needs Poverty Line 2,7777,253

31. Percentage of the Population below the Basic Needs Poverty Line, 1991/92 and 2000/01

32. Because of population growth, there was an increase in the number of individuals living in poverty (11.4 mill in 2000/01 compared to 9.5 mill in 1991/92) A small increase in inequality occurred

33. Percentage of Poor Individuals, by Education of Household Head, 1991/92 and 2000/01

34. Percentage of Population below the Basic Needs Poverty Line

35. Reported Income

36. A Diversity of Sources The sale of Agricultural products was the main source of Cash Income for 62% of Hhs, compared with 67% in 1991/92 Food Crops remain the most important single source The importance of cash crops has fallen. They provide the main cash source for only 17% of Hhs Agriculture provides slightly over half of total household Income, 60% in rural areas.

37. Mean Monthly Income per Earner by Gender and Educational Level (‘000 TShs)

38. Conclusions

39. Income poverty is high and many social indicators are poor There are large differences in the indicators between different groups The largest gap is between urban and rural populations – the rural population is much poorer

40. Regional differences are more variable; some are consistently disadvantaged e.g Lindi, Singida Differences between men and women are smaller than the geographical differences Women have lower incomes than men and less education, but girls have higher primary school enrolment

41. Many measures of welfare show modest improvements during the 1990s The economy diversified and household consumption has increased The proportion who are poor has fallen slightly, although the absolute numbers has risen. But there have been increases in inequality – particularly between urban and rural areas