1. CHAPTERS 17 & 20 Western Europe During the Middle Ages

2. Characteristics of the Middle Ages (500-1500 C.E.) Rome has fallen in the west. Early Medieval Europe was politically unstable and characterized by decentralization. European people began a process of economic recovery based on agriculture. The Catholic Church provides religious leadership.

3. Germanic Political Control in Western Europe

4. I. Germanic Political Control A. The Franks establish control in Western Europe. 1. Clovis rules 481-511, and establishes himself as a political and military leader.

5. Germanic Successor States B. Carolingians take over 1. Charlemagne establishes centralized rule a. creates capital city b. regulated counts through the use of officers known as ‘missi dominici’ C. Made alliance with the western Christian Church 1. Crowned emperor by Pope Leo III D. Magyars bring end to Carolingian rule – local rulers assume control

6. II. Economics of Western Europe A. The Manorial System -The decentralized political system fosters complex relationships between lords, retainers, and serfs. 1. Economic foundation based on agriculture. a. technology supports agriculture 2. Rural society allowed for sustainability, but did not support cities or trade.

7. III. Western Europe and Christianity A. Germanic groups were pagan upon invasions. 1. polytheism until adoption of Christianity 2. By 1000 C.E. Christianity has taken root throughout Western Europe B. The Papacy and Roman Catholicism 1. Pope Gregory I (590-604) a. defended Rome, asserted papal primacy, encouraged penance, and led missions

8. III. Western Europe Religiously C. Monasticism 1. Origins in EgyptOrigins in Egypt 2. Monastic lifestyle supported by economic conditions in Western Europe.

9. III. Western Europe Religiously C. Monasticism 1. Origins in EgyptOrigins in Egypt 2. Monastic lifestyle supported by economic conditions in Western Europe. D. Monastic Order 1. St Benedict - Created the Rule to organize the monastic movement 2. St. Scholastica –adapted the Rule to apply to women in convents

10. Ch.20 Western Europe The High Middle Ages

11. Increased Political Stability The emergence of regional states stabilizes W. Europe

12. The Relationship between Religious & Secular leaders Symbiotic Relationship Otto I of Saxony & Pope John XII 962 C.E. - crowning of the Holy Roman Emperor Adversarial Relationship Emperor Henry IV & Pope Gregory VII The practice of lay investiture in the Holy Roman Empire

13. Western Europe—Religion Education Cathedral Schools Universities Paris Bologna, Padua Oxford, Cambridge Re-emergence of Greek Philosophy Aristotle Scholasticism

14. Religion continued…. Popular Piety A. Sacraments: holy rituals 1. Eucharist: Wine & Bread of Christ 2. Devotion to Saints a. Most Popular: Virgin Mary b. Canonization: Sainthood(100 miracles)

15. Dominicans & Franciscans Domincans & Franciscans A. No personal possessions B. Return to the Catholic Church C. Begged for Food Heresy = acts, teachings against the Church

16. Agriculture – The Foundation of Economic Recovery The Growth of Agriculture ______________, _____________, _____________ __________________ ___________________

17. Economic Growth Agricultural Economy A. As invasions population pressure B. Technology improves 1. Crop rotations 2. domestic animals 3. Manure 4. Fish Hatcheries 5. Books on agricultural methods 6. Plows 7. Horseshoe & Horse Collar

18. Economic Growth Independence of Cities  power & opportunity for merchant & working class Guilds  power & opportunity for women

19. Urbanization Cities A. Paris, London, Toledo B. Textile production 1. Wool clothes (Niche) C. Market Fairs 1. Dominant in Italy (Ports) a. Olive oil, salt, wine, wool, glass, etc. 1. Hanseatic League (Association of trading cities in the Baltic & North Sea) D. Credit & Banking

20. Western Europe—Social Changes The Three Estates First - Those who Pray Second - Those who fight Third - Those who work Chivalry: is a desire and willingness to perform spiritual, often ascetic ritualsascetic Troubadours: traveling poets