1. 20 The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 Spanish Conquests in the Americas
QUIT 20
CHAPTER
The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Chapter Overview
Time Line 1
Spanish Conquests in the Americas
SECTION 2
Competing Claims in North America
SECTION
SECTION 3
The Atlantic Slave Trade
GRAPH 4
The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
MAP
SECTION
Visual Summary

2. HOME 20
CHAPTER
The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Chapter Overview
The European exploration and colonization of the Americas lead to an economic and cultural revolution in Europe and the devastation of Native American cultures in the New World.

3. 20 The Atlantic World, 1492–1800 HOME Time Line 1492 1800
CHAPTER
The Atlantic World,
1492–1800
Time Line
1492 Columbus makes first voyage.
1533 Pizarro conquers Inca Empire.
1608 Champlain claims Quebec for France.
1492
1800
1521 Cortés conquers Aztec Empire.
1607 English found Jamestown.
1754 French and Indian War begins.

4. Spanish Conquests in the Americas Key Idea 1
HOME 1
Spanish Conquests
in the Americas
Key Idea
Columbus lands in the Caribbean Islands, and Spain and Portugal begin the colonization of the Americas. The Spanish destroy the Aztec and Inca empires.
Overview
Assessment

5. Spanish Conquests in the Americas Overview 1 • Christopher Columbus
HOME 1
Spanish Conquests
in the Americas
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Christopher Columbus
• colony
• Hernando Cortés
• conquistadors
• Montezuma II
• Francisco Pizarro
• mestizo
• encomienda
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to carve out the first European colonies in the Americas.
Throughout the Americas, Spanish culture, language, and descendants are the legacy of this period.
Assessment

6. Columbus arrives in Americas.
HOME 1
Spanish Conquests
in the Americas
Section 1
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Trace the major events in the establishment of Spain’s empire in the Americas beginning with Columbus’s arrival.
Columbus arrives in Americas.
Conquistadors colonize the Southwest United States.
Pizarro conquers the Inca.
Cortés defeats the Aztecs.
continued . . .

7. Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 1
HOME 1
Spanish Conquests
in the Americas
Section 1
Assessment
2. How might Columbus’s view of the Taino Indians have led the Spanish to think they could take advantage of and impose their will on the natives?
THINK ABOUT
• the Taino’s desire for Spanish items even of “small value”
• the Taino’s willingness to give whatever they had to the Spanish
• the Taino’s appearance as a peaceful people
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
The Spanish may have taken the Taino’s generosity and naïvete about the worth of material goods as an invitation to take whatever they wanted.
The Spanish also may have assumed that the natives’ gentleness meant they could be subdued.
continued . . .

8. Spanish Conquests in the Americas 1 1
HOME 1
Spanish Conquests
in the Americas
Section 1
Assessment
3. Discuss the merits of Spain’s colonization of the Americas. Explain the position of conquistadors, as well as the position of Native Americans. THINK ABOUT
• how colonization of the Americas affected Spain
• what effect colonization had on the Native Americans
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Conquistadors: colonization good—increased Spain’s wealth and power; introduced natives to Christianity; spread Spanish culture
Native Americans: colonization bad—brought disease and warfare; led to enslavement; suppressed native culture
End of Section 1

9. Competing Claims in North America Key Idea 2
HOME 2
Competing Claims
in North America
Key Idea
European nations lay claim to large parts of North America, but England drives out the French and Dutch and creates thirteen colonies.
Overview
Assessment

10. Competing Claims in North America Overview 2 • New France • Jamestown
HOME 2
Competing Claims
in North America
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• New France
• Jamestown
• Pilgrims
• Puritans
• New Netherland
• French and Indian War
• Metacom
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England eventually emerged victorious.
The English settlers in North America left a legacy of law and government that guides the United States today.
Assessment

11. Reasons for Establishment
HOME 2
Competing Claims
in North America
Section 2
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Identify the location of each settlement and the main reasons for its establishment.
Name of Settlement
General Location
Reasons for Establishment
New France
New Netherland
Massachusetts Bay
Eastern Canada and much of midwest United States
Christian missionary and fur trading post
Upper east coast of United States
Fur trading post
Upper east coast of United States
Religious refuge
continued . . .

12. Competing Claims in North America 2 2
HOME 2
Competing Claims
in North America
Section 2
Assessment
2. What may have been one reason the English eventually beat the French in North America? THINK ABOUT
• how England’s colonies differed from those of the French
• English and French colonial populations on the eve of the French and Indian War
ANSWER
Possible Response:
The English, unlike the French and Dutch, populated their colonies in North America, so that by the eve of the French and Indian War, England’s colonial population was more than 1 million, while France’s was only 65,000.
continued . . .

13. Competing Claims in North America 2 2
HOME 2
Competing Claims
in North America
Section 2
Assessment
3. Imagine that you have been asked to settle a dispute between a group of English colonists and Native Americans. Summarize each side’s grievances and offer possible solutions.
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Colonists’ grievances—need more land for growing population and farming; Native Americans are heathens
Native Americans’ grievances—colonists are pushing them off their land.
Possible solutions—share the land by establishing boundary lines.
End of Section 2

14. The Atlantic Slave Trade Key Idea 3
HOME 3
The Atlantic
Slave Trade
GRAPH
Key Idea
The slave trade decimates African social and family life, and millions of slaves are brought to the Americas to work in mines and on plantations.
Overview
Assessment

15. The Atlantic Slave Trade Overview 3 • Atlantic slave trade
HOME 3
The Atlantic
Slave Trade
GRAPH
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Atlantic slave trade
• triangular trade
• middle passage
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in forced labor in the Americas.
Descendants of enslaved Africans represent a significant part of the Americas’ population today.
Assessment

16. Consequences of the Slave Trade
HOME 3
The Atlantic
Slave Trade
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the ways in which the Atlantic slave trade affected both Africa and the Americas.
In Africa
In the Americas 1. 2. 3. 4.
Consequences of the Slave Trade
Loss of significant population
Significant labor supply
Increase in civil war and strife through the introduction of guns
Expertise in farming techniques
Families torn apart
Introduction of African culture
Cultures lost
Mixed races
continued . . .

17. The Atlantic Slave Trade 3 3
HOME 3
The Atlantic
Slave Trade
GRAPH
Section 3
Assessment
2. How was slavery in the Americas different from slavery in Africa and Muslim lands? THINK ABOUT
• the length of bondage
• the children of slaves
• opportunities for slaves within each society
• racial basis
ANSWER
In most African societies, slaves could escape their bondage, while in the Americas, most slaves worked for life; unlike in most African societies, slavery in the Americas was hereditary; unlike in most African and Muslim societies, slaves in the Americas lacked legal rights and social mobility.
Possible Responses:
End of Section 3

18. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
HOME 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
MAP
Key Idea
The colonization of the Americas leads to a global exchange of food, plants, animals, and diseases that enriches the European diet and economy and further shatters the native civilizations of the New World.
Overview
Assessment

19. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
HOME 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
MAP
TERMS & NAMES
Overview
• Columbian Exchange
• Commercial Revolution
• capitalism
• joint-stock company
• mercantilism
• favorable balance of trade
MAIN IDEA
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The colonization of the Americas introduced new and different items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
This global exchange of goods permanently changed Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
Assessment

20. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
HOME 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
MAP
Section 4
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. For each Columbian Exchange item or aspect below, write where it originated and explain its significance.
Corn
Potato
Disease
The Americas; nutritious basis of many diets
The Americas; became staple throughout the world
Europe; killed millions of Native Americans
continued . . .

21. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
HOME 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
MAP
Section 4
Assessment
2. Why were colonies considered so important to the nations of Europe? THINK ABOUT
• the philosophy of mercantilism
• the notion of a favorable balance of trade
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
The mercantilistic philosophy of Europe drove nations to acquire colonies to obtain wealth. Colonies provided precious metals, raw materials, and markets for European goods, allowing European nations to establish a favorable balance of trade with their colonies.
continued . . .

22. The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
HOME 4
The Columbian Exchange
and Global Trade
MAP
Section 4
Assessment
3. Do you think the economic changes in Europe during the era of American colonization qualify as a revolution? Why or why not? THINK ABOUT
• the legacy of the new business and trade practices
• how the economic changes affected European society as a whole
ANSWER
Possible Responses:
Yes—Many of the new practices, including capitalism and joint-stock companies, served as the root of today’s economy.
No—Europe’s population remained mostly rural, and many Europeans remained poor.
End of Section 4