1. Dr. Zahoor Dr. Amel Eassawi
Physiology Tutorial
Dr. Zahoor
Dr. Amel Eassawi

2. Functional Anatomy of the Reproductive System
List the components of reproductive system?
1. Primary reproductive organ (Gonads)
2. Reproductive tract
3. Accessory sex glands
4. External genitelia
What are the primary reproductive organs?
Paired testes in the male and paired ovaries in the female.

3. Functional Anatomy of the Reproductive System
What is the functions of mature gonads?
1. Producing gametes (gametogenesis)
Spermatozoa (sperm) in male.
Ova (eggs) in female.
2. Secreting sex hormones
Testosterone in males.
Estrogen and progesterone in females.

4. Functional Anatomy of the Reproductive System
What are the functions of the different organs of the reproductive system in males?
Testes: Production of sperm (spermatogenesis).
Secretion of testosterone.
Accessory Sex Glands
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
Function: Secretions provide bulk of semen (liquid substance that is conducive to sperm viability)
Penis: Organ used to deposit semen in female
Male Reproductive Tract
Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens: Sperm maturation
Ejaculatory duct: Empty into urethra (canal running length of penis that empties into exterior)

5. Functional Anatomy of the Reproductive System
What are the functions of the different organs of the reproductive system in females?
Ovaries: Production of ova (oogenesis).
Secretion of estrogen & progesterone.
Female Reproductive Tract
Oviducts (uterine or Fallopian tubes): Pick up ova on ovulation, serve as site for fertilization
Uterus: Responsible for maintenance of fetus during development
Responsible for expelling fetus at end of pregnancy
The lower portion of the uterus is the cervix (projects in the vagina and contain single, small opening the
Cervical canal: Serves as pathway for sperm through the uterus to the site of fertilization. Serves as passageway for delivery of baby from uterus.
Vagina: Connects uterus to external environment.

6. Sex Determination How is the genetic sex is determined?
Depends on combination of sex chromosomes.
Determined at time of conception.
Depends on which type of sex chromosome is contained within the fertilizing sperm.

7. Sexual Differentiation
Discuss the three levels of genetic, gonadal and phenotypic differences between males and females?

8. Sexual Differentiation
Discuss the abnormalities that might take place during sexual differentiation?
Pseudo hermaphrodite:
Gonad of one sex and genitalia of other
1. Male Pseudo Hermaphrodite:
1. Genetic males whose target cells lack receptors for testosterone are feminized ( testicular feminizing syndrome)
2. Defective testicular development
3. 5α reductsae deficiency ( enzyme, coverts testosteron to DHT)
Female phenotype & XY male genotype
2. Female Pseudo Hermaphrodite:
Congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia
Administration of androgen to mother
Male phenotype and XX female genotype

9. Sexual Differentiation
Discuss the possible defects produced by maternal non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes at the time of meiosis?
(Turner’s syndrome)
(Klinefelter’s syndrome)

10. Turner’s syndrome
- Turner’s Syndrome affects 1 in 2500 females. - Female has 45 XO Karyotype ( chromosome). - Gonadal dysgenesis (ovaries do not develop) -There is degeneration of oocyte, decreased estrogen -Clincally- short stature, primary amenorrhoea.

11. Klinefelter's syndrome
Klinefelter's syndrome affects approximately 1 in 1000 males.
- Male has 47 XXY Karyotype.
- Dysgenesis of seminiferous tubules in testis, leydig cell function is impaired .
- Clinically person is tall, gynaecomastia, small testis, infertility.

12. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q1 . Name the primary reproductive organ, reproductive tract, accessory sex glands and external genitalia of male reproductive system.
Primary Sex Organs: Testes
Reproductive Tract: Epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens,Ejaculatory duct
Accessory Sex Glands:Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland
external genitalia :Penis
Q2. Where spermatogenesis occurs ?Testes
Q3 . What is function of leydig cells ?
Androgen Secretion (mainly testosterone)
Q4 . Testosterone is steriod hormone or peptide hormone ?steriod hormone

13. Effect of Testosterone
Q5. What are the functions of testosterone.
Effect of Testosterone
1. Effects before Birth
Masculinizes the reproductive tract and external genitalia.
Promotes descent of the testes into the scrotum
2. Effects on Sex-Specific Tissues after Birth
Puberty
Adulthood
Enlargement and maturation of gonads.
Development of secondary sexual characteristics.
Essential for spermatogenesis.
Growth and maturation of the reproductive tract.
Maintains the reproductive tract throughout adulthood

14. Effect of Testosterone
3. Other Reproduction-Related Effects
1. Develops the sex drive at pubert.
2. Controls gonadotropin hormone secretion by negative feedback
4. Effects on Secondary Sexual Characteristics
Induces the male pattern of hair growth (e.g., beard).
A deep voice because of thickening of the vocal folds.
3. Thick skin.
4. Promotes muscle growth responsible for the male body configuration.( as a result of protein-anabolic affect)

15. Effect of Testosterone
5. Non reproductive Actions
Exerts a protein anabolic (synthesis) effect.
Promotes bone growth at puberty
Closes the epiphyseal plates after being converted to estrogen by aromatase.
Stimulates oil secretion by sebaceous glands (results in development of acne).
May induce aggressive behavior

16. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q6. Draw the sperm and name the different parts. Q7. What is the function of Acrosome.? containing hydrolytic enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg Q8. In which part of sperm, genetic material is present.? Head(nucleus)

17. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q9. What is the function of midpiece and tail of sperm.?
Midpiece
Area where mitochondria are concentrated
Tail
Provides mobility for spermatozoa
Q10. Name the functions of Sertoli cells.
Form blood-testes barrier.
Provide nourishment and phagocytic function.
Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid which flushes released sperm from tubule into epididymis.
Secrete androgen-binding protein.
Site of action for testosterone & FSH to control spermatogenesis

18. Q11. What is the action of FSH and LH on testis.
6. Release inhibin, acts in negative-feedback fashion to regulate FSH secretion
7. Released mullerian inhibiting factor ( fetal development).
Q11. What is the action of FSH and LH on testis.
FSH and Testosterone are required for normal spermatogenesis.
LH is required for normal androgen synthesis.
Q12. Inhibin hormone is secreted by ( select one ).
1) sertoli cell
2) leydig cell

19. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q 13. What is average volume of semen per ejaculate . Average volume is ml per ejaculate. Q14. What is normal sperm count/ ml in semen. Normally 100 million sperm/ml of semen Q15. Bulk of semen is provided by ( select one) 1) Seminal vesicle 2) Prostate gland

20. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Q19. Where sperm are stored .
Epididymis and vas deferens
Q20. What is cryptorchidism ?
descent of testes is incomplete, testes remain in the abdomen.
1. Bilateral: Impaired Testosterone secretion and spermatogenesis.
2. Unilateral :Normal Testosterone and impaired spermatogenesis
Q21. In Klinfelter syndrome what is Karyotype (Number of chromosomes ). 47
XXY

21. Female reproductive system
When ova appear in the ovary?
How many ova are there in a ovary at
5th month of gestation? 6-7 million oogonia
At birth? 2 million
At puberty? 300, oogonia present
How many ova mature during a average reproductive life of a female? only ova mature and ovulate .
Why ova are in millions when only about 400 are required during the reproductive life of a female?
atresia
5. Define menstrual cycle.

22. Female reproductive system
What are the phases of ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase(1-14 days )
Dominated by presence of maturing follicles
Luteal phase(15-28 days)
Characterized by presence of corpus luteum
Which hormones from the hypothalamus / anterior pituitary control ovarian cycle? FHS&LH
What is LH surge? is due to increased Estrogen level
Say true or False
Moderate level of estrogen inhibit LH secretion where as high level of estrogen stimulate LH surge . true

23. Female reproductive system
What are the uterine phases of menstrual cycle? What is the duration of each phase
Menstrual phase (3-5 or 0-6 days)
Proliferative phase (6-14 days)
Secretory or progestational phase (15-28 days)
What is the total duration of menstrual cycle.
lasts 28 days
13.How much is the average menstrual blood loss?
ml of blood is lost per cycle
In book 70ml

24. 14.Draw the diagram of menstrual cycle24

25. Female reproductive system
Why there is no menstruation during
Childhood: decrease FSH LH
Pregnancy:increase estrogen and progstron
Menopause: no ovary
During menopause, what is the level of FSH & LH?deacreas FSH andLH
What types of menstrual irregularities occurs in athlete (AMI)?قبل سلايد الأخير
What is the cause of Athlete menstrual irregularities (AMI) ?loos wight

26. Thank you