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Chapter 12 Section 2 The Partition of Africa
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Lesson Objectives Explain why European contact with Africa increased during the 1800s. Understand how Leopold II started a scramble for colonies. Describe how Africans resisted imperialism. Look at the map: Africa in early 1800’s had many regions, hundreds of languages, varied governments
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North Africa Sahara Desert, fertile land along Mediterranean Ruled by Ottoman Empire
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West Africa Grassland regions – Jihad – Islamic reform movement, a holy struggle to revive & purify Islam – New Islamic states – trade, farming, herding Forests regions – Asante kingdom – Traded with Europeans & Muslims
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East Africa Strongly Islamic Port cities – Mombasa, Kilwa – Cargoes were slaves – Ivory & copper were exchanged for cloth & firearms from India
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Southern Africa Early 1800’s in turmoil Shaka united Zulus 1830’s Zulus battled Boers
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Slave Trade Early 1800’s European nations began to outlaw slave trade Continued in East Africa to Middle East & Asia Freed slaves – 1787 British organized Sierra Leone as colony for freed slaves – U.S. did the same for Liberia, became independent republic
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European Contact with Africa Increased Difficult geography & diseases kept European from reaching interior; medical advances & river steamships changed things Explorers – early 1800’s tried to map the source & course of African rivers – Niger – Nile – Congo
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Missionaries Goal was to win native Africans to Christianity – Built schools & medical clinics with churches – Paternalistic view of Africans – saw them as children in need of guidance
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Dr. David Livingstone Best-known explorer/missionary – Criss-crossed Africa for 30 years – Opposed slave trade – Opened up interior of Africa to Christianity & trade – 1869 journalist, Henry Stanley, went to Central Africa to find Livingstone (hadn’t heard from for years) Found Livingstone in 1871 in Tanzania “Dr. Livingstone, I presume.”
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King Leopold II of Belgium He started scramble for colonies Hired Stanley to explore the Congo River Basin – Arrange treaties with African basins Result - other European nations followed Belgium
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Berlin Conference European nations met to avoid bloodshed/war over African lands – Recognized Leopold’s private claims in Congo Free State – Free trade on Congo & Niger Rivers – No European nations claim any African land w/out setting up a government office first – By 1850 European nations redrew the map of Africa
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Belgians in Congo Exploited riches – copper, rubber, ivory – Brutalized villagers Leopold II forced to give up colony to Belgian government, became Belgian Congo in 1908
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French in Africa French empire in Africa as large as U.S. – 1830’s invaded & conquered North Africa (violent takeovers) – Tunesia – Colonies in West & Central Africa
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British in Africa Smaller, heavily populated regions, rich in resources Parts of East & West Africa, Egypt, Sudan Southern Africa & Cape Colony from French – Clashed w/ Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers) – Many Boers fled British rule & migrated north – Gold & diamonds discovered Led to Boer War; British won British won but at great cost 1910 Brits united Cape Colony & former Boer lands into Union of South Africa – Govternmen run by whites – Complete racial segregation
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Other European nations Portuguese – Angola – Mozambique Italy – Libya – Southern end of Red Sea Germany – Eastern Africa – Southern Africa
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How Africans Resisted Imperialism Algerians battled French for years British battled: – Zulu in southern Africa – Asante in West Africa; Queen Yaa Asnatewaa – Queen Nehanda of Shona in Zimbabwe – captured & executed
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Germans Fought Yao Herero Fierce battle – 1905, Maji-Maji Rebellion – Germans won by using scorched earth policy – burned farmlands & starved people
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Ethiopia Ancient Christian kingdom, highlands of East Africa & number of kingdoms 1800 ruler Menelik II modernized his country – European experts to plan roads, bridges, set up schools – Imported weapons & had Europeans train army – Able to defeat Italian at battle of Adowa
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Western-educated African elite (upper class) Some rejected own culture Others were nationalists & moved for independence
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