2. Encomienda System Spanish system, gave them control over labor and the production of cash crops (usually sugar cane), Location- Caribbean Island colonies. Established on large plantations. Labor force started as Native Americans and transitioned to African slaves (Disease), Violent and cruel system. Missionaries were used as a tool for cultural assimilation (language, customs, dress, etc….) Differing ideas of slaves, Natives vs. Africans, Mestizos/Mulatos

3. Columbian Exchange Accidental/unintended exchange of crops, diseases, domesticated animals from Eastern to Western hemisphere. Begins with the first voyage of Columbus and continues with further exploration (1492), major impacts are that millions of Native Americans were killed (violence/disease), lack of immunity, social classes/rankings are set up between European and Native cultures, cultural diffusion of all sorts begins, eventually contributes to the triangular trade.

4. Feudalism Medieval government/social structure King-Lord-Lesser Lords- Knights- Peasants More land you have/control the more power you have. Caused many countries to focus on “land grabs” in the America’s. System of land ownership/control sticks in early exploration…..

5. capitalism Economic system that emphasizes free will and encourages competition, success is determined by profit/accumulation of wealth. Credit, debt, etc Joint Stock Company- encouraged exploration/colonization/ growth of cash crops (tobacco) Encourages individualism Spreads wealth, also has the ability to rank people socially

6. French/Dutch/English Colonization French- Canada, Great Lakes Region, Ohio River Valley, Hudson, Mississippi River, New Orleans, Fur trapping, fishing, logging, friendly with Native Americans. Spread out, more rural, less developed, less civilized. Dutch- New Amsterdam which transitions to New York, colonies in the Caribbean, participates in the Slave trade, English- Jamestown 1607, grew tobacco/other cash crops, more centralized colony, East Coast, bad relationship with Natives, Bacon’s Rebellion, diversity of religions leaving England, hated the French and Catholics, Develop different regional characteristics, literacy is relatively high, eventually develop universities….. Self-government

7. Atlantic Slave Trade AKA Triangular Trade, Europe to Western Africa, then to the America’s then back to Europe, rinse and repeat… Europe to Africa = Finished Products Africa to Americas= Slaves (Middle Passage) Americas to Europe= Mostly raw resources Still lasting negative impact on African society…. Poor treatment, especially on the Middle Passage. 11 Million transported across Value because of immunity to European Disease. Cost less then indentured servants and could encourage reproduction

8. Puritans Group that immigrated from England for religious reasons…. City on the Hill (We are the chosen ones if we want to be), Saints or Sinners…. New England, Salem Witch Trials, Initially they were pretty strict…. Over a few generations had to lessen their standards Half- Way Covenant, settlements were very successful, family based, had very high life expectancy rates,

9. Chesapeake Colonies Middle Colonies…. Starts with Jamestown and goes from there… embraced tobacco and other cash crops, very agriculture based, very unbalanced men to women, lots of different nationalities, lower life expectancy rates due to swampy living conditions that brought disease, embraced slavery/indentured servitude, Bacon’s rebellion

10. Tobacco Cash crop grown in Jamestown and spreads through Virginia, North and South Carolina, Maryland, labor intensive crop that adds to the demand for slavery/indentured servitude, plantation lifestyle, demand for tobacco in Europe is high

11. White Indentured Servants Europeans who could not afford the trip across the Atlantic were sponsored by someone in America and they worked for that person in exchange for housing, skillset/training, and possibly land. Service usually lasts 7 years. Punishment for trying to escape service extends your time. Social resentment of servants played into Bacon’s Rebellion, indentured servitude became less common after the rebellion and as African Slaves became more available.

12. African Chattel System of slavery that brought Africans across the Atlantic to the America’s to work as we needed. Triangular Trade… Started out as a very lenient system and grew progressively more strict as ruling class sought more control/protection of property/wealth. Emphasized racial fears after the Stono Rebellion, primarily worked with cash crops, most slaves that crossed the Atlantic Ocean did not come to the USA, most go to Caribbean or Brazil. Brings a tremendous amount of cultural diversity…

13. Pueblo Revolt Native American revolt against the Spanish……

14. Atlantic World The Middle Passage and other routes that are used throughout colonization and exploration. Triangular Trade, Columbian Exchange,

15. Anglicanization Anglican refers to the Church of England…. The idea or practice of starting new religions/denominations. Common around the Enlightenment/Great Awakening. Ex: Methodists, Baptists, New Lights

16. European Enlightenment New social, political, intellectual concepts/movement starting in Europe and working its way to America, Late 1600’s and Early 1700’s. Higher literacy rates in the America’s, new ideas about science, philosophy, government…. Natural rights, separation of powers, Freedoms of religion, speech, expression, eventually enslavement… John Locke, Diderot, Voltaire, Franklin, Jefferson, rise of universities, individual relationship with God, Deism, Salons… Almanacs… newspapers, United States Postal Service