1. Term 1 - History
Grade 8

2. The industrial revolution in Britain & Southern Africa from 1860
CHANGES DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN SOUTHERN AFRICA BY 1860 DIAMOND MINING IN KIMBERLEY 1867 ONWARDS

3. Definitions
Serfdom: peasants lived on the land of the farm owners & had to pay with crops & labour
Subsistence: producing just enough for ones own use.
Merchant: a salesman
Cottage industry: farming industry
Mechanisation: when machines do the work/jobs that people use to do
Mass production:
Slum: very dirty,

4. Wealth from slave trade
Triangle trade route (Europe, Africa & America) 18th century
Transatlantic slave trade (growth of Europe & America)
British played the biggest part in the slave trade 3million African slaves)

5. Wealth from slave trade
First Bristol & London most important slave-trading cities then Liverpool became the largest.
175 Slave ships, main income from taxes on imports & exports from ships passing through.
Guns in Africa
Lloyds & Barclays
Rich became politically influential

6. Economy before the industrial revolution
Countryside communities grew grain, sheep for wool (manual labour)
Farming tools, but no machines
Good summers = good crops, long winters = hunger

7. Farming Economy Selfdom ended end 17th century
Farms established on “common land”
Peasant farmers leased land from wealthy - Open field system
Crops could not be grown in large scale = peasants poor

8. Farming continued pg 45
Farming developments increased agriculture production
Inventions. New farming methods & enclosure system
Full control to land owners, peasants lost jobs went to factories

9. Cottage industries
Economic activity during winter (additional income & time)
Sewing, lace making, home industries
18th century = more specialized
Merchants started travelling, buying raw materials
Although these industries died down during Industrial revolution, many skills learned that where of help in factories.

10. What was the industrial revolution?
Change in Britain
People working on land to people working in factories
People moved to cities for work
New methods = large scale production for cheaper
Use of iron and coal (steam engine)

11. 4. Urbanisation & living Conditions
4.1.1 working class
4.1.2 overcrowded housing
4.1.3 poverty
4.1.4 workhouses
Social changes

12. Social changes during the industrial revolution
4.1 Urbanisation and changing living conditions
Thousands of workers needed to operate machinery
Cities overflowed, London not prepared for this (whole families in single rooms)
4.1.1 The working class
Mass production & mechanisation = unemployment
Harsh conditions, no interpersonal relationships
12 – 14hour days, 6 days a week (work fast & without rest)
Child labour

13. 4.1.2 Overcrowded housing
Houses close to factories (built quickly & cheaply)
Victorian families big +4 children
No running water, no indoor toilettes
Whole street share pump & toilet
Houses built back to back, no windows at front, no backyards and a sewer down the middle of the street
Towns were dirty and unhealthy
Slum conditions increased disease (cholera, typhus, smallpox )

14. 4.1.3 Poverty Not enough jobs Low wages
Increasing mechanisation = unemployment
Children sent out to work
Orphans (crime) e.g. Oliver Twist

15. 4.1.4 workhouses
Law passed to look after old, poor, sick or unemployed
Food, drink and work
Old and sick feared this life

16. 4.2 The mines and factories (2nd heading)
Offered work to many people Not always safe = many adults & children killed or injured Strict discipline, harsh punishment, unhealthy working conditions Low wages and long working hours No good working relations between workers & bosses Attacked for stripping workers of freedom, dignity & creativity

17. Social changes during the industrial Revolution
4.2 The mines & factories
4.2.1 Child Labour
4.2.2 child labour in mills
4.2.3 child labour in mines
Social changes during the industrial Revolution

18. 4.2.1 child labour Use of young children for cheap labour
Great demand for the child labour for many reasons:
Cheap labour so factories can be competative
Obedient, submissive, respond to punishment & not form unions
Size helped with working in factories

19. 4.2.2 child labour in mills
Thousands of children worked in the cotton mills Often orphans . Place to live, but no wages Children spent all their time in front of machines with no fresh air or exercise Some children got sculpted when their hair got caught in machines, fingers crushed or death when they fell asleep at the machine and fell in.

20. 4.2.3 Child labour in mines Coal mines dangerous place to work
Young children worked as trappers (very lonely and damp)
Older children had to carry coal on their backs in big baskets
Mine Act of pg 52

21. Resistance to working conditions
Due to enclosure system , peasants lost farming land and became poor pg 53+
1830 Swing Riots were a widespread uprising by agricultural workers
Luddites would destroy machines that threatened their jobs
Captain Swing
Swing Riots - Agriculture
Luddites – industry
Vigilantes
Six Acts

22. Southern Africa by 1860
SA did not exist, many communities in conflict in Southern Africa. British occupied The Cape, Eastern Cape & KZN Boers left Cape in 1838 on Great Trek Two Boer republics: Orange Free State & Traansvaal Boers established alliances with black chiefdoms & kingdoms

23. Indentured labour from India
Indians arrived from 1860 onwards Worked on sugar plantations in Natal Weekly Wages, returned after contract was completed. British traders formed the EAST INDIA COMPANY in 1600 to trade with India. Disorganised kingdoms in India faught amongst one another, British took advantage