1. Today we will focus on two basic models of learning, classical and operant conditioning. Specific topics include: Pavlov's classical conditioning and how it might be implemented in the nervous system. Thorndike's law of Effect and its evolution into Skinner's operant conditioning. A model: How operant conditioning operates together with basic motivations as an adaptive mechanism. Uses and abuses of operant conditioning. If there is time, we will consider the contributions of behaviorism against its "overclaiming".

2. Ivan Pavlov & lab

5. The CS as a Signal Evidence suggests that the CS serves as a signal for upcoming events. Learning is less likely if the CS is simultaneous with the US or follows it. 0.5 second lead time optimal Learning occurs only if there is some contingency between the CS and US. Contiguity isn’t enough

9. Stimulus Generalization

11. Neural Basis of Learning The neural bases for learning involve diverse mechanisms, such as: presynaptic facilitation postsynaptic changes long-term potentiation (LTP) creation of new synapses growth of new dendritic spines

13. Edward Thorndike

16. B. F. Skinner

20. Schedules of Reinforcement Partial reinforcement: The response is reinforced only some of the time. schedule of reinforcement in ratio schedules, reinforcement after a number of responses; the ratio used may be fixed or variable in interval schedules, reinforcers for the first response made after a given interval since the last reinforcement; this interval can be fixed or variable

25. Extinction under fixed & variable schedules of reinforcement

26. Edward Tolman

28. Variations in Learning: Behavioral Challenges Observational learning Biologically biased learning Belongingness/expectations in learning “Smart” learning

30. Mirror Neurons

33. Conclusions: Broad Applications Coupled with Severe Limitations of the Behaviorist Viewpoint Next: The Power Law of Practice: Learning just keeps going and going and going….