1. 4. Personality Disorders
Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function.
Dominates their personality.

2. Three Clusters
Ten distinct personality clusters are characterized into three basic clusters
Odd, eccentric cluster
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Anxious, fearful cluster
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

3. Cluster A: Odd Eccentric Cluster

4. Paranoid Personality Disorder
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a distrust of others and a constant suspicion that people around you have sinister motives.
Usually without any basis for mistrust

5. Paranoid Personality Disorder
They search for hidden meanings in everything and read hostile intentions into the actions of others.
quick to challenge the loyalties of friends and loved ones
often appear cold and distant to others.
usually shift blame to others and tend to carry long grudges.
3% of population
Blame others for own shortcomings

6. Cluster B: Dramatic, emotional, erratic cluster

7. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Lack of empathy.
Little regard for other’s feelings.
View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.
Don’t usually think about consequences
Prone to criminal behavior
Tend to lie and steal

8. Antisocial Personality Disorder
Often referred to as sociopaths or psychopaths
Evidence is seen in behaviors in childhood or early adolescence
They often blame the victim for their own stupidity
Middle to late adulthood tendencies tend to diminish

9. Biological Link to Anti-Social Behavior?
PET scans illustrate reduced activation in a murderer’s frontal cortex
Normal
Murderer

10. Borderline Personality Disorder
characterized by instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and impulsivity
People with this disorder are prone to constant mood swings and bouts of anger. Most commonly diagnosed

11. Histrionic Personality Disorder
They need to be the center of attention all the time, often interrupting others in order to dominate the conversation.
Exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing everyone loves them

12. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance.
Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
Justin Bieber at the Anne Frank House: “I hope Anne Frank would have been a belieber.”

13. Narcissistic Personality Disorder Start at 2:34
They tend to be choosy about picking friends, since they believe that not just anyone is worthy of being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the feelings of others and may take advantage of them.

14. Cluster C: Anxious, fearful cluster

15. Dependent personality disorder
characterized by a pervasive psychological dependence on other people.
has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others

16. Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder
characterized by a general psychological inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules and procedures, perfectionism, and excessive orderliness.
people with OCPD tend to stress perfectionism above all else, and feel anxious when they perceive that things aren't "right".

17. 7. Schizophrenic Disorders Literally means “split mind”
About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia.
General onset is between 18-24
Affects men and women equally, but men’s symptoms are more severe

18. Schizophrenia is characterized by:
Disorganized and delusional thinking.
Disturbed perceptions.
Inappropriate emotions and actions.

19. Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Absence of appropriate ones.
Positive Symptoms
Presence of inappropriate symptoms

20. Disorganized Thinking & Speech (+)
The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
Breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information  strong correlation with ADHD
Disorganized speech (“word salad”)

21. Delusions (false beliefs) (+)
Delusions of Persecution
Delusions of Grandeur

22. Disturbed Perceptions (+)
hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

23. Inappropriate Emotions and Actions (-)
Laugh at inappropriate times.
Flat Effect
Senseless, compulsive acts.
Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

24. Types of Schizophrenia

25. types of schizophrenia
Disorganized
Late teen onset
Worst personality deterioration
Incoherent speech (word salad)
Very primitive or inappropriate behavior (laughing at a funeral)
Inappropriate affect (mood)
Uncontrolled grinning and laughter
Shabby appearance
Paranoid
Late teens to early 20s onset
Delusions of persecution or grandeur that result from a misinterpretation of reality
Person is often very agitated
Popularized on television (A Beautiful Mind)
Paranoid Schizophrenic at Charlotte City Hall Meeting
Catatonic
Onset in early 20s
Mostly negative symptoms
Periods of excitability followed by deep withdrawal
Parrot-like repeating of others speech and movements
Waxy flexibility
Undifferentiated
A type of schizophrenia in which symptoms do not fit neatly into any of the specific categories (DSM-V)
Childhood Schizophrenia

26. Dopamine Overactivity
Brain Abnormalities
causes/effects(?) of schizophrenia
Dopamine Overactivity
Researchers found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine receptors in the brain.
Knowing this, what kind of medication would a person suffering with schizophrenia most likely be prescribed:
a dopamine AGONIST OR
a dopamine ANTAGONIST?

27. Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain Abnormalities
causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia
Abnormal Brain Activity
Brain scans show abnormal activity in the frontal cortex, thalamus, and amygdala of schizophrenic patients.
Paul Thompson and Arthur W. Toga, UCLA Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging and Judith L. Rapport, National Institute of Mental Health

28. Enlarged Ventricles causes/ effects (?) of schizophrenia
Both Photos: Courtesy of Daniel R. Weinberger, M.D., NIH-NIMH/ NSC

29. Viral Infection causes (?) of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral infection (flu) during the middle of their fetal development.

30. genetic factors
The likelihood of an individual suffering from schizophrenia is almost 50% if their identical twin has the disease
Lifetime risk
of developing
schizophrenia
for relatives of
a schizophrenic 40 30 20 10
General
population
Siblings
Children
Fraternal
twin
of two
victims
Identical

31. Biopsychosocial model
Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual is genetically predisposed.
The genetically identical Genain
sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Two more than others, thus there are contributing environmental factors.
Genain Sisters

32. Facticious Disorders
Facticious Disorders: are conditions in which a person acts as if he or she has an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms.
Ex. Münchausen syndrome: psychiatric disorder where one fakes physical or psychological illnesses or diseases to gain sympathy for themselves. Münchausen syndrome by proxy: involves inflicting physical symptoms on others usually a child to gain sympathy.

33. Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)
Fetishism
sadist, masochist
Eating Disorders
Substance use disorders
ADHD

34. Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Ethnicity Gender
Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders
Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals
Ethnicity Gender
Alcohol abuse
or dependence % % % % % %
Generalized anxiety
Phobia
Obsessive-compulsive
disorder
Mood disorder
Schizophrenic
disorder
Antisocial personality
disorder