1. Energy Resources
Chapter 9

2. Section 1 Energy resources
Fossil fuels – energy resources formed from ancient decayed organisms.
Coal – formed in swampy regions from decayed plants and sediment.
Pressure and heat caused chemical reactions:
Peat to lignite.
Lignite to bituminous coal.
Oil and natural gas – formed in oceans from decayed algae, plankton, and sediment.
Pressure and heat caused chemical reactions.
B. Move upward – less dense than surrounding rock.

3. Section 1 (continued) B. Pollution – caused by burning fossil fuels.
Acid rain – gases released by burning coal or oil mix with water in the air.
Pollutes soil – harms plants and trees.
Pollutes water – harms aquatic life.
Nonrenewable – fossil fuels – used up faster than nature can replace them.
World’s energy needs provided by: coal – 29 percent; oil and natural gas – 61 percent.

4. Section 1
Coal – could last years. Oil – could last years. Natural gas – could last 60 years. Conserving electricity – one way to reduce the use of fossil fuels and reduce pollution.

5. Section 2
Renewable resources – energy that can be recycled or replaced.
Solar energy – uses energy from the Sun
Solar cells – change light into electricity.
Enough energy reaches Earth in one hour to supply world for a year.
Disadvantages:
Available only when the Sun is shining.
No technology to harness all the Sun’s energy.

6. Section 2 Wind farms – many windmills in one area Disadvantages:
Not steady
Only a few regions with strong enough winds.
Wind farms dangerous to birds.

7. Section 2 Hydroelectric power – using moving water
Sources of moving water.
Natural waterfalls
Concrete dams
Disadvantages:
Increased erosion downstream
Wildlife habitats disturbed
Some places not near flowing water.

8. Section 2
Geothermal energy – uses the magma and hot rocks beneath Earth’s surface.
When magma close to Earth’s surface – geyser erupts.
Disadvantages:
Can be harmful to environment.
Few places have magma near Earth’s surface.
Places with no magma near the surface need deep wells.

9. Section 2
Nuclear energy – produced by splitting nuclei of certain elements.
Fission – name for the splitting process.
Most common element used in nuclear power plants – uranium
Disadvantages:
Produces radioactive nuclear waste.
Possible problems in storing nuclear waste.

10. Section 3 Water – vital to life on Earth
70 percent of Earth covered by water.
Less than one percent available for human use.
Two major sources of public water supply.
Groundwater – water found under Earth’s surface.
Surface water- on surface of Earth
-ponds , lakes, streams, reservoirs
3. Water pollution – harmful debris, chemicals or biological materials added to water.
Laws to reduce water pollution.
Safe Drinking Water Act – ensures safe drinking water.
The Clean Water Act – gives states money to build water treatment plants.

11. Section 4
Land – renewable resources
Amount of land is limited.
People must use land wisely.
Preserve natural habitats.
Reduce soil erosion.

12. Section 4 Forests – land resource – tress Important produce – wood.
Conservation – careful use of resources to reduce environmental damage.
Select cutting – limited number of trees in one area are cut down and replaced.
Clear-cutting – all trees in one area are cut down and replaced.
Tree – renewable resource – can plant a new tree.
Forest – nonrenewable resource – complex ecosystem.

13. Section 4 Minerals – land resource found in rocks.
Ore – mineral mined at a profit.
Found under Earth’s surface.
Metals – such as iron.
Mining – process used to reach ore.
Moves large quantities of soil and rock
Affects the environment.