1. Comparisons

2. Neocolonialism Efforts at development thwarted by high costs of industrialization Turn to loans for development with costly results Primary sector economy subject to volatile global demand Corruption

3. Population Growth Overpopulation = # of people outstripping resources Result of… Reduced death rates (better nutrition, modern healthcare) Continued high birth rates (lack of industrialization, cultural preferences for large families & male children, lack of education)

4. Urbanization Rapid rural-to-urban migration caused by rural population growth & lure of cities Sprawling slums from poverty Overpopulation & limited economic development meant rapid environmental damage Soil depletion, deforestation, industrial pollution

5. Gender Struggles Achieved legal equality However women still face limited career opportunities & lower health / education levels ↳ Caused by large family sizes, cultural customs, religious revivalism

6. Contrasts India: reflected early independence & complex colonization Decentralization, inequality remained, Hinduism influential Middle East: reflected importance of Islam Tension over Israel & oil, secular v. Islamic rule, role of women Africa: reflected power of Western imperialism Poverty & dependence on West, religious conversion, “Big Man” rule

7. Global Connections Keep in mind context of challenges that emerging nations face Newly independent Held together remarkably well considering artificial boundaries Made industrial progress w/ none of the advantages of West had