1. Democracy spreads to Africa Enduring Understandings 1.Long-standing cultural and religious differences and conflicts are still evident in the post-colonial world. 2.Centers of global and economic and political power shift over time 3. The end of World War II led to the ending of colonization, the creation of new countries and conflict between the superpowers for influence. Warm-up – has democratization been successful in Latin America? Cite specific evidence 1.Final exam essay – May 31– Complete Graphic organizer - Reminder 2.Questions about democratization in Latin America? 3.Complete p 15 about democracy in Africa 4.Describe the similarities between Africa and Latin America. What are the differences? 5.How does the end of Colonization and the end of the Cold War, combined with the modernization of Latin America lead to a potential shift in the center of global economic and political power? 6.Core 2 final touches

2. Latin America democratizes Most of South America was colonized by Spain (except Brazil and the 3 Guyanas) Dictators or authoritarian parties governed most of South America until after WWII After WWII many countries elected nationalist/socialist parties and leaders The US, the wealthy and many Catholics helped to lead coups to overthrow these governments out of fear of communism From the 1970s to the 1990s, many Latin American Countries were governed by dictators

3. Making Democracy work Practices that are common in democracy Conditions that contribute to democratic progress Free elections Free media of communication Majority rule with minority rights protected Participation Culture of compromise Constitutional government with limits and checks and balances Economic stability Rule of law Belief in and protection of individual rights Belief in democracy Practice of contingent consent Development of civil society

4. Steering Brazil toward democracy What actions have Brazilian leaders taken in the 80s and 90s that helped to stabilize the Brazilian economy? – Foreign investment – Infrastructure improvements (development projects) to help grow the economy – Froze wages – Protected wealth landowners – Cut social programs Note a democratic practice in Brazil today – Direct elections of local state and national leaders – Direct elections of president

5. Ending one party rule in Mexico 2 crises that threatened democracy in Mexico 1.1968 student protests in Mexico City 2.world oil price decline in the 1980s leading to lower government revenues, declines in government spending and a debt crisis. 3.Chiapas rebellion by Zapatista pro-Indian movement 4.1988 presidential election fraud Ways that the election of 1997 advanced democracy 1.no more dedazo – president no longer appointed successors and other candidates 2.primary election for PRI candidates 3.opposition parties gained many seats in Chamber of Deputies, weakening power of PRI 4.creation of independent Federal Election Institute

6. Ending repression in Argentina Effects of Military rule on Argentina weakened welfare state Poor became militant No political fairness, rights or freedoms Economy stagnated Torture and murder by pro- government groups as part of the “Dirty War” Current democratic practices free elections rule of law functioning independent judiciary

7. Ethnicity and African Countries – notice any issues? Current country bordersCurrent Ethnic group locations

8. Democratic challenges in Africa 1.Set the stage for civil war or ethnic conflict and poor conditions for democratization lack of national identity 2. Poor economic prospects for future; small middle class; few domestic consumable products; import economy; international debt 3. Inability to have skills and knowledge to be successful in the modern technological age 4. Rebellion put down and Nigeria was united with more (36) states created along ethnic lines; but set precedent for military coups 5. Brutality and corruption; continued ethnic violence and ethnic based corruption

9. Democratic challenges in Africa 6. Afrikaner culture, people and white race become predominant in all areas of life leading to apartheid 7. Repression of protestors; thousands killed and international condemnation; unrest continued and a state of emergency was declared 8. Significant changes – Mandela released from prison, ANC legalized; democracy w universal voting eligibility and the repeal of apartheid 9. Mandela elected and NAC was majority in the national assembly; orderly democratic change when Mbeki was elected in 1999.