1. WORLD WAR LOOMS
CHAPTER 16

2. Dictators Threaten World Peace
Section 1

3. At the end of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles caused anger & resentment…
New democratic governments, hurt by economic & social problems, floundered & turned to dictatorships.

4. In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin came to power in 1924.
He was a ruthless leader who let nothing stand in his way.
Stalin focused on creating a model communist state.

5. Stalin did away w/private farms. The state took over industry
Stalin did away w/private farms. The state took over industry. He did away with private enterprise.
The Soviet Union became a “police state”. Anyone who criticized him or his policies was arrested by the secret police.
Many were executed.

6. Millions died in famines caused by Stalin’s restructuring of Soviet society.
It’s believed that Stalin was responsible for 8-13 million deaths in the USSR.

7. HAULING THE BODIES OF THE DEAD

8. Individuals had no rights, & the government put down all opposition.
Stalin created a TOTALITARIAN government. (a government w/complete control over its citizens)
Individuals had no rights, & the government put down all opposition.

9. At the same time, Benito Mussolini was creating a totalitarian state in Italy
Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler
Mussolini was a passionate public speaker
His political movement was called Fascism (Strong, centralized government headed by a dictator which grow out of extreme nationalism.)

10. His political philosophy was called Nazism.
Another Fascist party came to power in Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.
His political philosophy was called Nazism.
He hoped to unite all German-speaking people into a new German empire, or Reich.

12. In 1932, the Nazi Party gained power
In 1932, the Nazi Party gained power. Hitler became chancellor in January 1933.
He did away w/the Weimar Republic & set up the Third Reich, or 3rd German empire.

14. Hitler gestures during a speech in May 1937

15. Hitler believed that Germans- especially blond, blue-eyed “Aryans”- were the master race.
According to Hitler, Aryans were meant to have power over all “inferior races”, such as Jews & nonwhites. Hitler believed Germany needed to expand-gain territory- so that the German people could thrive.

16. “If I can send the flower of the German nation into the hell of war without the smallest pity for the spilling of precious German blood, then surely I have the right to remove millions of an inferior race that breeds like vermin ..."  Adolf Hitler

17. “The Poison Mushroom” children’s book.

19. Meanwhile, in Asia, military leaders had taken over Japan:
They believed Japan needed more land & resources.
Japan attacked Manchuria, a province of China, in 1931.
The League of Nations protested, but Japan left the League & kept Manchuria.

20. Chinese in Manchuria with Japanese flag displayed.
Chinese defenders captured in Manchuria
Chinese in Manchuria with Japanese flag displayed.

21. This cartoon of 1933, by the British cartoonist David Low, is entitled: 'The Doormat'.   It shows a Japanese soldier trampling all over the League, whilst League officials bow down before him and the British Foreign Secretary John Simon powders the League's nose using a 'Face-saving kit'.  

22. This cartoon of 1933 shows the Japanese actions destroying international agreements such as the Kellogg Pact and the League of Nations Covenant.  

23. The League’s failure to stop Japan made Hitler & Mussolini bolder….

24. Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland & rebuilt the German army.
These acts broke the Versailles Treaty.

25. Mussolini captured the African nation of Ethiopia.
The leader of Ethiopia asked the League for help. When the League did nothing, he said, “It is us today, It will be you tomorrow.”

26. In Spain, General Francisco Franco led a rebellion to overthrow the elected government.
Hitler & Mussolini supported Franco w/troops & weapons.
When Franco won in ’39, Europe had another totalitarian government.

27. Jubilant demonstration in Madrid after the Popular Front victory in the Spanish general elections of February 1936

28. Q: What 5 major countries were ruled by dictatorships in the 1930’s?

30. The U.S. responded cautiously to the rise of dictators…
Protest march to prevent American involvement in WWII
“Isolationism” became more popular. Most Americans wanted the U.S. to stay out of foreign conflicts.

31. U.S. passed the “Neutrality Acts”
These laws banned loans or arms sale to nations at war.

32. WAR IN EUROPE
Section 2

33. Austria & Czechoslovakia Fall
How did Britain & France react to Hitler’s aggression?

34. And he was willing to use force to do it!
Hitler decided that the new living space the German people needed would come from nearby Austria & Czechoslovakia.
And he was willing to use force to do it!

35. In March 1938, German troops marched into Austria.
They met no opposition. Germany announced an Anschluss, or “union” w/Austria.

36. Austrians salute Hitler as he passes the Benedictine Abbey at Melk

37. Jews in Vienna forced to scrub Schuschnigg's slogans off the sidewalk

38. He massed troops on the border.
Then Hitler claimed that the Czechs were mistreating German –speaking people in an area called the Sudetenland.
He massed troops on the border.

39. France & Britain promised to defend Czechoslovakia
France & Britain promised to defend Czechoslovakia. Their leaders met w/Hitler in Munich , Germany.   
Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain after the Munich Agreement which gave Czechoslovakia to Hitler
Hitler promised that the Sudetenland would be his “last territorial demand.”

40. It gave the Sudetenland to Germany.
Neville Chamberlain was the British prime minister who signed the Munich Pact in September 1938.
It gave the Sudetenland to Germany.

41. MAP OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA SHOWING THE SUDETENLAND

42. Germans troops entering the Sudetenland were greeted as liberators and heroes

43. Churchill predicted that appeasement would eventually lead to war.
Another British leader, Winston Churchill, disagreed. He called the Pact dishonorable appeasement.
Churchill predicted that appeasement would eventually lead to war.

44. Hitler did not keep the promise he made at Munich.
In March of ’39, he conquered the rest of Czechoslovakia.

45. Many thought Hitler would never attack Poland.
Then Hitler began to claim that Germans living in Poland were being persecuted.
Many thought Hitler would never attack Poland.
They thought he would be afraid that the Soviet Union, on Poland’s eastern border, would then fight Germany.

46. But Germany & Soviet Union signed a “nonaggression pact”, an agreement not to fight each other.
In a secret part of this treaty, Hitler & Stalin also agreed to divide Poland b/w them.

47. Soviet Foreign Commissar Vyacheslav Molotov signs the German-Soviet nonaggression pact; Joachim von Ribbentrop and Josef Stalin stand behind him. Moscow, August 23, 1939, from Patch-NA

49. Recap of notes so far….

50. On September 1, 1939, Hitler launched World War II by attacking Poland.

51. Soviet and German soldiers meeting after the invasion of Poland

52. German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland
German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland. PK Hugo Jaeger, September, 1939 from Patch-NA

53. The Germans used a new strategy called a “blitzkrieg”, or lightning war.
German troops dismantle a Polish border checkpoint, September 1, 1939, as World War II begins.
They used tanks & planes to take the enemy by surprise & crush them quickly.

56. Here a Nazi unit is en route to Poland at the end of September, 1939
Here a Nazi unit is en route to Poland at the end of September, Handwritten on the side of the train car is, "We are going to Poland to thrash the Jews." Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 26.

57. Britain & France declared war on Germany!
Poland fell to the Germans in a month…
Britain & France declared war on Germany!

58. Meanwhile, the Soviets attacked Poland from the east, & grabbed some of its territory.

59. For the next few months, not much happened
For the next few months, not much happened. This was called the “phony war.”
French & British troops gathered on the French border.
German troops also waited.

60. He took the Baltic states in September & October ‘39
Meanwhile, Stalin seized regions that the Soviet Union had lost in WWI.
He took the Baltic states in September & October ‘39
Finland resisted, & was conquered only after fierce fighting in March 1940.

61. Finnish ski troops in Northern Finland January 12 1940

62. Finnish soldiers outside a house

63. In April, Hitler launched surprise invasions of Denmark & Norway.
Then in May, he quickly took the Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg.

64. Dutch soldiers during the battle of the Netherlands

65. Germany attacked France in May 1940.
Meanwhile, Italy joined the war on Germany’s side. The Italians attacked France from the south.
France surrendered quickly.

66. French soldier weeping after the Battle of France, May 1940

68. The Germans occupied the northern part of France while a Nazi-controlled puppet government, called the Vichy government, ruled the southern part of France.
Presidential flag of Vichy France

69. The French general Charles de Gaulle set up a French government in exile in England. He promised to free France from the Nazis.
General de Gaulle speaking on the BBC during the war.
General de Gaulle reviewing troops

70. Hitler now made plans to invade Britain.
Nazi German Luftwaffe
He began with air raids over England.
British Royal Air Force and allies

71. The King and Queen inspect bomb damage to Buckingham Palace

72. The Germans bombed London night after night in August 1940.
The British air force (RAF) defended Britain against these attacks. They used a new technology called radar, & shot down hundreds of German planes.

73. Children sit among the rubble of their home September 1940

74. This air war was called the Battle of Britain.
Dec. 29, St. Paul's Cathedral emerges from the flames during one of the most devastating raids
The new prime minister, Winston Churchill, rallied the spirits of the British people & declared that Britain would never surrender.
Hitler gave up the idea of invading Britain.

75. A Royal Air Force Spitfire, one of the fighters many credit for winning the Battle of Britain

76. THE HOLOCAUST
Section 3

78. Part of Hitler’s plan for Germany was to make the country racially pure. In 1933, Hitler ordered all non-Aryans out of government jobs.
Then Hitler began an organized persecution of non-Aryans, particularly of Jews.

79. A dog lies on a park bench which is marked "Nur fuer Arier
A dog lies on a park bench which is marked "Nur fuer Arier!" [Only for Aryans] Date: Mar Locale: Vienna, Austria Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Unknown Provenance Copyright: USHMM

80. Civilians ride a streetcar in Belgrade that is marked "Fuer Juden Verboten" (Forbidden to Jews). Date: Locale: Belgrade, [Serbia] Yugoslavia; Serbia; Belehrad; Bilehrad; Nandorfehervar Credit: Copyright: Agency Agreement (No Fees)

81. This resulted in the HOLOCAUST….
Studio portrait of a prewar Belgian-Jewish family.
The systematic murder of over 11 million people across Europe.
Over half of the murdered people were Jews.

82. For a long time, Germans had used Jews as a scapegoat.
Anti-Semitism had a long history in Germany & in other parts of Europe…
For a long time, Germans had used Jews as a scapegoat.
Therefore, when Hitler blamed Jews for Germany’s defeat in WWI, many agreed.
When Hitler blamed the Jews for Germany’s economic problems, many Germans supported him.

83. Persecution of Jews increased under Hitler….
In 1935, new laws took away Jews’ civil rights & their property.
Jew were forced to wear yellow stars of David on their clothing.

84. German soldiers cutting the beard of an elderly Jew in Poland
German soldiers cutting the beard of an elderly Jew in Poland. Photo credit: The Pictorial History of the Holocaust, Yitzak Arad, Ed., Macmillan Publishing Company, N.Y., 1990, p. 78, Courtesy of Shamesh: The Jewish Internet

85. Humiliation was a part of the psychological warfare that Nazis used against their enemies. In Poland, a soldier tutors two Jewish men on how to give the Nazi salute correctly. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce Poland. No. 37.

86. Harassment of a Jewish man
Harassment of a Jewish man. Photo credit: Meczenstwo Walka, Zaglada Zydów Polsce

87. On November 9, 1938, organized, violent persecution began with Kristallnacht.
This is a German word meaning “crystal night”, or night of broken glass.

88. Local residents watch as flames consume the synagogue in Opava, set on fire during Kristallnacht.
Locale: Opava, [Silesia; Ostrava] Czechoslovakia; [Sudetenland] Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Leo Goldberger Copyright: USHMM

89. Jewish-owned shop destroyed during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Berlin, Germany, November 1938.

90. Gangs of Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, & synagogues across Germany.
The streets were littered w/broken glass. Then the Nazis blamed Jews for the destruction. Many Jews were arrested; others were fined.

91. A private Jewish home vandalized during Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom). Vienna, Austria, November 10, 1938.

92. Some refugees, like Albert Einstein, were allowed into the U.S.
Many Jews started to flee Germany. Nazis were in favor of this, but other nations didn’t want to accept the Jewish refugees.
Some refugees, like Albert Einstein, were allowed into the U.S.

93. Passengers aboard the “St. Louis”
Passengers aboard the “St. Louis”. These Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany were forced to return to Europe after both Cuba & the U.S. denied them refuge. (May or June, 1939) United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

94. HITLER’S “FINAL SOLUTION”
In 1939, there were only about ¼ of a million Jews left in Germany.
But other countries that Hitler occupied had millions more Jews.
Hitler’s ultimate goal was to get rid of all of Europe’s Jews.

95. This plan amounted to GENOCIDE…
USHMM
The deliberate & systematic killing of an entire population.

96. The “FINAL SOLUTION” was based on the Nazi belief that Aryans were a superior people & that their strength & racial purity must be preserved.
To accomplish this, the Nazis arrested people they identified as “enemies of the state”, condemning these people to slavery & death.

97. In addition to Jews, the Nazis rounded up political opponents- Communists, Socialists, liberals- and other groups including Gypsies, Freemasons, Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, the disabled & the terminally ill.

98. A group of Gypsy children sitting outside in the Rivesaltes internment camp.

99. Helene Gotthold, a Jehovah's Witness, was beheaded for her religious beliefs on December 8, 1944, in Berlin. She is pictured with her children. Germany, June 25, __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

100. Identification pictures of a bartender from Duisburg who was arrested for homosexuality. Duisburg, Germany, August 27, __________ Nordrhein-Westfaelisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Duesseldorf

101. Propaganda slide featuring two images of physically disabled children
Propaganda slide featuring two images of physically disabled children. The caption reads, "deformed." Date: Circa Locale: Germany Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Marion Davy Copyright: USHMM

102. Some Jews were forced into GHETTOS….
One of the ghetto entrances. The sign reads "Living area for Jews--entrance forbidden." Lodz ghetto, Poland, 1941.
Segregated Jewish areas where they were made to work in factories or left to starve.

103. Ghetto residents, wearing mandatory yellow stars, at forced labor in a clothing factory. Lodz ghetto, Poland, __________ Beit Lohamei Haghettaot

104. Poverty in the ghetto: residents wait for soup at a public kitchen
Poverty in the ghetto: residents wait for soup at a public kitchen. Lodz ghetto, Poland, between 1940 and __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

105. Living quarters in the Theresienstadt ghetto
Living quarters in the Theresienstadt ghetto. Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, between 1941 and __________ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

106. Children eating in the ghetto streets
Children eating in the ghetto streets. Warsaw, Poland, between 1940 and __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

107. Despite brutal conditions, Jews hung on, resisting the Germans & setting up schools & underground newspapers.
Jews captured during the Warsaw ghetto uprising. Warsaw, Poland, April 19-May 16, __________ National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.

108. A group of Jewish resisters, members of a fighting organization (Organisation Juive de Combat). Mazamet, France, wartime. __________ YIVO Institute for Jewish Research

109. THE FINAL STAGE… Most Jews were sent to concentration camps, where they suffered hunger, illness, overwork, torture, & death.
Corpses of murdered victims in Auschwitz

111. The early concentration camps didn’t kill Jews fast enough for the Nazis.
In 1941, 6 death camps were built in Poland. These camps had gas chambers that could kill 12,000 people a day.

113. View of the entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I)
View of the entrance to the main camp of Auschwitz (Auschwitz I). [Photograph #00001]

114. Prisoners at forced labor digging a drainage or sewerage trench in Auschwitz. [Photograph #85023]

116. Prisoners were separated upon arrival at death camps by SS doctors.
Selection of inmates at Auschwitz. Mengele is in foreground at far right with cigarette in hand
Josef Mengele at Auschwitz in 1943
Those who were too weak to work were led to the gas chambers & killed.

117. Selection of Jews at the Birkenau Ramp, 1944

118. At 1st bodies were buried or burned in huge pits.

119. Execution of prisoners, most of them Jewish, in the forest near Buchenwald concentration camp. Germany, 1942 or __________ YIVO Institute for Jewish Researc

120. Pictured here are Jewish women from Liepaja, Latvia, prior to their execution
Yad Vashem Archives 85do3

121. A naked prisoner is led to an execution site in the Stutthof concentration camp, where others either have been shot already or forced to lie face down prior to being shot. [Photograph #85014]

122. Then the Nazis built huge ovens called crematoriums that destroyed the bodies & all evidence of mass murder .
The crematorium building at the Flossenbuerg concentration camp. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.

123. Hungarian Jews on their way to the gas chambers
Hungarian Jews on their way to the gas chambers. Auschwitz-Birkenau, Poland, May __________ Yad Vashem Photo Archives

124. Door to a gas chamber in Auschwitz. The note reads: Harmful gas
Door to a gas chamber in Auschwitz. The note reads: Harmful gas! Entering endangers your life. Date: Feb Locale: Auschwitz, [Upper Silesia] Poland; Birkenau; Auschwitz III; Monowitz; Auschwitz II Photographer: Stanislaw Luczko

125. Interior view of a gas chamber at Majdanek (post-liberation)
Interior view of a gas chamber at Majdanek (post-liberation). The blue stain is from the Zyklon B. Date: After Locale: Majdanek, [Lublin] Poland Credit: USHMM, courtesy of Archiwum Panstwowego Muzeum na Majdanku Copyright: Public Domain

126. Human remains found by American troops in the crematoria ovens of Buchenwald. [Photograph #82856]

127. Other prisoners were shot or hanged or subjected to horrible medical experiments by camp doctors.
Victims of Dr. Josef Mengele's medical experiments at Auschwitz-Birkenau. Poland, __________ National Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau

128. Medical personnel experiment on a prisoner at the Buchenwald concentration camp. Buchenwald, Germany, date uncertain. La Documentation Francaise

129. Victim of Nazi medical experiment immersed in freezing water at Dachau concentration camp. SS doctor Sigmund Rascher oversees the experiment Germany, DIZ Muenchen GMBH, Sueddeutscher Verlag Bilderdienst

130. Medical experiment performed at the Dachau concentration camp to determine altitudes at which German pilots could survive. Germany, __________ National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md.

131. 6 million Jews died in death camps & Nazi massacres.
Oskar Schindler standing (second from right) with some of the people he rescued. Munich, Germany, 1946.
Some Jews, however, were saved. Ordinary people sometimes risked their own lives to hide Jews or to help them escape.

132. Dr. Joseph Jaksy, who rescued 25 Jews during the war
Dr. Joseph Jaksy, who rescued 25 Jews during the war. He provided them with hiding places, money, medicine and forged identification papers. Jaksy was named "Righteous Among the Nations." Czechoslovakia, prewar. __________ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

133. Some Jews even survived the concentration camps.
Survivors of the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp, located near Nordhausen. Germany, April 14, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md

134. Elie Wiesel, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, is a survivor of Auschwitz.
He has written memorably about his concentration camp experiences & the need to prevent such genocide from ever happening again.

135. Former prisoners of the "little camp" in Buchenwald stare out from the wooden bunks in which they slept three to a "bed." Elie Wiesel is pictured in the second row of bunks, seventh from the left, next to the vertical beam. [Photograph #74607]

136. AMERICA MOVES TOWARD WAR!!
Section 4

137. According to the Neutrality Act, the U. S
According to the Neutrality Act, the U.S. couldn’t enter the war in Europe.
However, President Roosevelt asked for a change in the Acts. He suggested a “cash & carry” provision which would allow Britain & France to buy & transport American arms. Congress passed this new Neutrality Act in November 1939.

138. In 1940, Germany, Italy, & Japan signed a mutual defense treaty.
They became the AXIS POWERS.

139. Roosevelt assured the nation that the U. S
Roosevelt assured the nation that the U.S. would stay out of war…but he prepared for war.
Congress increased spending for natl’ defense. It passed the nation’s 1st peacetime draft in September 1940.

140. He said that America would become “the great arsenal of democracy.”
After the election, FDR told Americans that the U.S. couldn’t stand by & let Hitler conquer the world.
He said that America would become “the great arsenal of democracy.”

141. Congress passed the LEND-LEASE ACT in March 1941.
Britain could no longer pay for arms & supplies. Roosevelt suggested lending or leasing arms to any nation “whose defense was vital to the U.S.”
Congress passed the LEND-LEASE ACT in March 1941.

142. Then, FDR won an unprecedented 3rd term in the 1940 election.

143. Meanwhile, Germany invaded its former ally, the Soviet Union.
The U.S. gave lend-lease support to the Soviets as well as to Britain.

144. German troops during the Soviet invasion. (USHMM)

145. Invasion of the Soviet Union (USHMM)

146. Hitler Tearing the Nonagression Pact, a 1941 poster by Kukryniksy artists.

147. A 1941 poster Mother Russia Is Calling You to the Front.

148. In June 1941, FDR ordered the U.S. Navy to protect lend-lease ships.
Nazi submarines called U-boats attacked & sank ships carrying arms across the Atlantic to Germany’s enemies.
In June 1941, FDR ordered the U.S. Navy to protect lend-lease ships.
He also gave American warships permission to attack German U-boats in self-defense.

149. That was a statement of the goals for fighting WWII.
On Aug. 1941, FDR met secretly w/British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. FDR didn’t actually commit the U.S. to war, but he & Churchill did sign the ….
ATLANTIC CHARTER
That was a statement of the goals for fighting WWII.
These goals included protecting peoples’ rights to choose their own form of government & building a secure peace.

150. In 1941 United States president Franklin D
In 1941 United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, seated left, and British prime minister Sir Winston Churchill, seated right, create the Atlantic Charter, a joint statement that expressed the shared political principles of the United States and Britain.

151. Later, 26 nations signed a similar agreement
Later, 26 nations signed a similar agreement. These nations, called the ALLIES, were united in fighting Germany, Italy, & Japan.

153. On September 4, 1941, a German U-boat fired on an American merchant ship. FDR ordered the U.S. Navy to fire on German ships on sight.
U-boats responded by sinking several American ships, & American seamen were killed. The Senate finally allowed the arming of merchant ships. Full scale war seemed inevitable.

155. What brought the U.S. into conflict with Japan?

156. In Japan, expansionists had long dreamed of creating a huge empire
In Japan, expansionists had long dreamed of creating a huge empire. Japan was now acting on this dream.
It began seizing Asian territory held as colonies by European nations. The U.S. also owned islands in the Pacific.

158. When Japan invaded Indochina, the U. S. cut off trade w/Japan
When Japan invaded Indochina, the U.S. cut off trade w/Japan. Japan needed American oil to run its war machine.

159. He started peace talks w/the U.S., but he also prepared for war.
The new prime minister of Japan was a militant general named Hideki Tojo.
He started peace talks w/the U.S., but he also prepared for war.

160. On December 7, 1941, during the peace talks, Japan attacked the main U
On December 7, 1941, during the peace talks, Japan attacked the main U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

161. Aboard a Japanese carrier before the attack on Pearl Harbor, crew members cheer departing pilots.

162. A photo taken from a Japanese plane during the attack shows vulnerable American battleships, and in the distance, smoke rising from Hickam Airfield where 35 men having breakfast in the mess hall were killed after a direct bomb hit.

163. The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese air raid.
(Photo credits: U.S. National Archives)

164. Dousing the flames on the battleship USS West Virginia, which survived and was rebuilt. (Photo credits: U.S. National Archives)

165. The battleship USS Arizona after a bomb penetrated into the forward magazine causing massive explosions and killing 1,104

166. On December 8, 1941, Roosevelt addressed Congress asking for a declaration of WAR against Japan.

168. CONGRESS QUICKLY AGREED TO DECLARE WAR….
Seventy-seventh U.S. Congress

169. Germany & Italy then declared war on the U.S.

170. COMING NEXT!!!!

171. THE U.S. IN WORLD WAR II

172. THE END