1. Exploring the Church

2. Questions

3. Exploring the Church Questions Do you know anyone who has “become famous?”

4. Terms Pope – from the Greek papas & Latin papa (“father”); special name of the Bishop of Rome since the early 5 th cent. (at least) and used exclusively for him since the 11 th cent.; 1 Cor. 4:15, Phil. 2:22, 1 Thess. 2:11, 2 Tim. 1:2, Titus 1:4 papacy – having to do with the activities of the Bishop of Rome pontificate – “the period of time during which a particular person is Pope”

8. Age of the Councils 1. Nicea #1 (325) – rejected Arianism (Christ wasn’t divine), The Nicene Creed 2. Constantinople #1 (381) – expanded Nicene Creed, affirmed the divinity of the Holy Spirit 3. Ephesus (431) – rejected Nestorius, wrestled with how Jesus had both a human and divine nature 4. Chalcedon (451) – rejected belief that Christ only had a divine nature (monophysitism), affirmed two natures of Christ 5. Constantinople #2 (553) – wrestled with how Christ’s two natures were joined in one person 6. Constantinople #3 (680-681) – rejected the belief that Christ had two natures but only one will 7. Nicea #2 (787) – rejected iconoclasm (breaking of icons), affirmed that icons are worthy of veneration (like Scripture)

9. Fault Lines Revisited In 476, Flavius Odoacer (a Germanic soldier) deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustus, effectively ending the Western Roman Empire. The stress of the East/West division began to strain the relationships among the Christians and church leaders from the different halves of the Empire. In 570, Mohammed was born.

10. Fault Lines Revisited Throughout the time of turmoil in the Empire, people (including Roman leadership) increasingly looked to the church to provide stability.

11. Corresponding Movements  As the political power and influence of Rome decreased, the influence of the Church in Rome increased  As the political power and influence of Constantinople increased, the influence of the Church in Constantinople increased

12. The Papacy – A Brief History  the church in Rome held a special place of respect from an early point in church history, mainly due to Peter and Paul’s involvement and martyrdom there  various popes were involved in the early all-church councils  Pope Victor (189-98) played a major role in fixing the date for Easter  appeals to the Bishop of Rome from other parts of the church began to appear in the mid-3 rd century  Pope Damasus I (366-384) commissioned Jerome to produce the Latin Vulgate translation of Scripture

13. Pope Leo I (400-461) served as Pope 440-461 known as Pope Leo the Great argued that the Bishop of Rome was a successor to Peter negotiated with Attila the Hun and the Vandals in 450s to “soften the blow” of the invasions of Rome wrote a letter (known as Leo’s Tome) that highly influenced the Council of Chalcedon in 451

14. Pope Gregory I (540-604) served as Pope 590-604 known as Pope Gregory the Great highly involved in the administrative and diplomatic duties of the church known for overseeing the Roman defenses against the attack of the Lombards developed a way of interpreting Scripture that became a standard (literal, mystic, moral interpretation) directed the Latin church’s missionary endeavors to Northern Europe known for his humility and piety

15. The Rise of Islam  Muhammad - born in 570  from 610-632 he received revelations from God (Quran – “The Recitation”)  driven out of Mecca in 622, he and his followers made their way to Medina where they successfully established a community based on the principles laid out in the Quran  multiple battles ensued between Meccans and followers of Islam from Medina, culminating in Muhammad’s taking of Mecca in 630 (through mostly non-violent means)  Muhammad died in 632, at which point one-third of the Arabian peninsula was Muslim  From 632-34, Islam expanded to include the whole Arabian peninsula 

17. Exploring the Church The Lord’s Prayer Our Father in heaven, Your name is holy. Your kingdom come. Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread. And forgive our sins, as we forgive those who sin against us. And do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For the kingdom, the power, and the glory belong to you forever and ever. Amen.