1. The Language of Composition Chapter 1: Using the Available Means AP English Language and Composition

2. What is Rhetoric? According to Aristotle, rhetoric is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. According to Aristotle, rhetoric is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. Aristotle 332 BC

3. What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric is “situational” Rhetoric is “situational” The key to understanding rhetoric is identifying the speaker’s context and purpose. The key to understanding rhetoric is identifying the speaker’s context and purpose.

4. Rhetorical Triangle AristotelianTriangleSpeakerAudienceSubject

5. Rhetorical Analysis 1.What is the speaker’s goal? Intent? How credible is the speaker? Speaker AudienceSubject AristotelianTriangle

6. Rhetorical Analysis 2.What is the subject? How well does the speaker know his/her material? SpeakerAudience Subject AristotelianTriangle

7. Rhetorical Analysis 3.How does the audience feel about the subject? Is it controversial? Is the audience receptive or resistant? Speaker Audience Subject AristotelianTriangle

8. Rhetorical Analysis Aristotle taught that a speaker's ability to persuade is based on how well the speaker appeals to his or her audience in three different areas: ethos, logos, and pathos. Aristotle taught that a speaker's ability to persuade is based on how well the speaker appeals to his or her audience in three different areas: ethos, logos, and pathos.

9. Appeal to Ethos An appeal to the speaker’s character, reputation, and/or credibility An appeal to the speaker’s character, reputation, and/or credibility How believable is the speaker? How believable is the speaker? AudienceSpeakerSubject Ethos

10. Appeal to Ethos The speaker must: 1. prove that he/she is credible to speak about the given subject 2. emphasize values/ideas shared with the audience – make a connection

11. Appeal to Ethos Speaker’s ethos can be established through his/her expertise, knowledge, experience, training, and/or sincerity. Speaker’s ethos can be established through his/her expertise, knowledge, experience, training, and/or sincerity.

12. Appeal to Logos Appeals to logos are an appeals to logic or reason Appeals to logos are an appeals to logic or reason Appeals to logos offer clear and rational ideas Appeals to logos offer clear and rational ideas AudienceSpeakerSubject EthosLogos Pathos

13. Appeal to Logos Logos considers the subject from all sides, including the opposition’s. Logos considers the subject from all sides, including the opposition’s. These ideas may be conveyed via: These ideas may be conveyed via:  Shared Assumptions  Counterarguments

14. Appeal to Pathos Appeals to pathos appeal to the emotions. Appeals to pathos appeal to the emotions. Such appeals emotionally engage the audience with the subject. Such appeals emotionally engage the audience with the subject. AudienceSpeakerSubject EthosLogos Pathos

15. Appeal to Pathos Appeals to Pathos are achieved through the speaker’s point of view, use of connotative language, and figurative language. Appeals to Pathos are achieved through the speaker’s point of view, use of connotative language, and figurative language.

16. Appeal to Pathos Arguments that only appeal to pathos are rarely effective. Such arguments are merely propagandistic and polemical. Arguments that only appeal to pathos are rarely effective. Such arguments are merely propagandistic and polemical.

18. Appeal to Pathos Effective speakers and writers appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos in order to make use of all “available means” to persuade their audiences of their positions. Effective speakers and writers appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos in order to make use of all “available means” to persuade their audiences of their positions. AudienceSpeakerSubject EthosLogos Pathos

19. Visual and Literary Rhetoric Rhetoric is employed whenever a “speaker” wants to convey an opinion, perspective, or argument. Rhetoric is employed whenever a “speaker” wants to convey an opinion, perspective, or argument.

20. Visual and Literary Rhetoric Cartoons, photographs, songs, film, and literature all employ rhetoric. Cartoons, photographs, songs, film, and literature all employ rhetoric. So long as a message is being conveyed, rhetoric is being employed. So long as a message is being conveyed, rhetoric is being employed.

22. Visual and Literary Rhetoric As such the elements of the Rhetorical/ Aristotelian Triangle are employed: Speaker—Subject –Audience. As such the elements of the Rhetorical/ Aristotelian Triangle are employed: Speaker—Subject –Audience. Speaker AudienceSubject

23. Visual and Literary Rhetoric Likewise, appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos are also needed to attract, maintain, and “convince” an audience of your point of view. Likewise, appeals to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos are also needed to attract, maintain, and “convince” an audience of your point of view.

24. Visual and Literary Rhetoric All elements incorporated within the “text” must be employed to convey this point of view. All elements incorporated within the “text” must be employed to convey this point of view.  If they are not, they are impeding the rhetorical effectiveness of the “text.”

27. Rhetorical Arrangement Rhetorical arrangement refers to how the “argument” is organized. Rhetorical arrangement refers to how the “argument” is organized. The arrangement of an argument is dependent upon its purpose. The arrangement of an argument is dependent upon its purpose.

28. The Classical Model Introduction introduces the subject. The goal is to get the reader’s attention and develop ethos. Introduction introduces the subject. The goal is to get the reader’s attention and develop ethos.

29. The Classical Model Narration provides factual background information about the subject. Narration provides factual background information about the subject. This represents the beginning of the body/development paragraphs. This represents the beginning of the body/development paragraphs. The Narration presents the problem embodied within the subject. The Narration presents the problem embodied within the subject.

30. The Classical Model Confirmation provides the proof to support the speaker’s position. Confirmation provides the proof to support the speaker’s position. This evidence must be specific, detailed, and concrete. This evidence must be specific, detailed, and concrete.

31. The Classical Model Refutation provides the counterargument, which addresses possible objections to the speaker’s position. Refutation provides the counterargument, which addresses possible objections to the speaker’s position. The refutation provides a smooth transition from the Confirmation to the Conclusion. The refutation provides a smooth transition from the Confirmation to the Conclusion.

32. The Classical Model Conclusion appeals to pathos and reiterates the ethos established in the Introduction. Conclusion appeals to pathos and reiterates the ethos established in the Introduction. The Conclusion answers the “so what” question; it explains why the speaker’s position is relevant. The Conclusion answers the “so what” question; it explains why the speaker’s position is relevant.

33. Rhetorical Arrangements Specialized Patterns: Narration Narration Description Description Process Analysis Process Analysis Exemplification Exemplification Comparison- Contrast Comparison- Contrast Clarification- Division Clarification- Division Definition Definition Cause and Effect Cause and Effect