1. Linguistics The ninth week

2. Chapter 3 Morphology  3.1 Introduction  3.2 Morphemes

3. Key points  1. the definition of morphology  2. the definition of morpheme  3. the classification of morphemes

4. Difficult points  1. Free morphemes  2. Bound morphemes

5. Morphology  Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.

6. Morphemes  A morpheme is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.  Ex. Tourists: -tour (one minimal unit)  -ist (meaning “person who does something”)  -s (a third unit of grammatical function indicating plurality)

7. Free morphemes  The morphemes that can stand alone as words are called free morphemes.

8. Root and stem  A word must contain an element that can stand by itself, that is, a free morpheme, such as talk. Such an element is called a root. When they are used with bound morphemes, the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stem.

9. Lexical and functional morphemes  Lexical morphemes refer to ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives.  Functional morphemes refer to conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns.

10. Open and closed class of words  lexical morphemes are called an open class of words because we can create new lexical morphemes.  functional morphemes are called a closed class of words because no new fellow members can be added.

11. Bound morphemes  Bound morphemes are those that can not be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.

12. Occurrence position:  Prefixes  Suffixes  infixes

13. Function:  Derivational morphemes  Inflectional morphemes

14. Eight English inflectional morphemes:  (i) –‘s (possessive)  (ii) –s (plural)  (iii) –s (3rd person present singular)  (iv) –ing (present participle)  (v) –ed (past tense)  (vi) –ed (past participle)  (vii) –en (past participle)  (viii) –est and –er (superlative and comparative degree)

15. The chart of the different categories of morphemes   Lexical morphemes (work, house, kind) Free morphemes Morphemes Functional morphemes (and, if, or, but)   Derivational morphemes (-er, -ness, - ly)  Bound morphemes  Inflectioanal morphemes (-ed, -er, -est)

16.   Lexical morphemes  Free morphemes  Functional morphemes  Morphemes  Derivational morphemes  Bound morphemes  Inflectional morphemes

17. Assignments 1. Define the following terms: (1)morphology (2) free morpheme (3) morpheme (4) stem 2. Identify the structure of the following words: wording person existentialism international statesman spokesman walkman bicyclist assignment