1. World War I

2. Essential Questions 1.What role did nationalism and imperialism play in causing World War I? 2.How did ethnic diversity in the Balkans contribute to war? 3.What impact did innovations in science and technology have on World War I?

3. World War I As the 1900s began, the people of Europe had enjoyed nearly a century of peace Under the surface, forces were pushing the continent toward war

4. M.A.I.N. When trying to remember the causes of WWI, remember M.A.I.N.! – M for Militarism – A for Alliances – I for Imperialism – N for Nationalism

5. M.A.I.N. Militarism – The glorification of military power – Occurred in many European nations in the late 1800s – This development led to fear and suspicion as nations became more willing to use military force to attain their national goals – Arms race – Fiercest rivals were Germany and Great Britain

6. M.A.I.N. Alliance Systems – Increased tensions and suspicions led nations to form alliances – Nations agreed to defend each other in case of an attack – Triple Alliance and Triple Entente Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy Great Britain, France, and Russia

8. M.A.I.N. Imperialism – Great Britain, France, Germany, and other nations competed for colonies and economic power – France vs. Germany for Africa – Germany vs. Great Britain for industrialization – Great Britain and France become close because of common enemy

9. M.A.I.N. Nationalism (Germany and France) – Nationalism was strong in both France and Germany – Germany was unified and proud of its industrial and military might – France was embarrassed in the Franco-Prussian War in which it lost land to Germany – France wanted to regain its position as top dog in Europe and take revenge on Germany

10. M.A.I.N. Nationalism (Pan-Slavism) – Russia encouraged Pan-Slavism – Russia was the largest Slavic country – Serbia and other small nations in the Balkans identified as Slavic and wanted ties with Russia – The Austro-Hungarian empire discouraged these ties

11. Other Causes Decline of the Ottoman Empire – The Armenian Massacres Distrust between Muslim Turks and Christian Armenians – The Balkan Powder Keg The Balkan Powder Keg Serbia declared itself independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 Tension between Serbia and the Ottomans grew as Serbia sought to gain land from the Ottomans In 1912, Serbia attacked the Ottoman Empire to gain more land for access to the Adriatic Sea On June 28, 1914, the Archduke and his wife were assassinated which set off a chain reaction that led to war

13. World War I The Outbreak of War 1.Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders of the archduke and his wife and made harsh demands in Serbia 2.Serbia refused to comply with all of the demands 3.Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 28 4.Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its forces in preparation for war 5.Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia 6.Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia 7.Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily 8.Great Britain declared war on Germany

14. World War I: Who Was to Blame? Who was to blame for World War I? Russia Supported Slavic people Feared Austria-Hungary wanted to rule Slavic people Austria-Hungary Blamed Serbia for terrorism Wanted to crush Serbian nationalism Germany felt it must stand behind its ally, Austria-Hungary Great Britain Felt a duty to protect Belgium Feared power of Germany just across English Channel France Backed Russia Felt it might someday need Russian support against Germany

15. Central Powers vs. Allied Powers Central – Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire Allied – Great Britain, France, Russia – Later joined by Italy and the US

16. Battle Fronts

17. World War I An Industrialized War – New technology made this war particularly destructive and gory – Alfred Nobel invented dynamite in 1867 – Engine – Airplane – Communication devices

18. World War I An Industrialized War – Trench Warfare Heavy fighting took place along the Western Front, a 600-mile stretch from the English Channel to Switzerland For four years the French, British, and German troops gained very little ground but many soldiers were killed

19. Trench Warfare German soldiers in a trench

20. Trench Warfare Russian soldiers in a trench

21. Trench Warfare British soldiers in trench at Battle of the Somme

22. Trench Warfare

23. World War I Civilian Life and Total War – War fought at home and on the battlefield referred to as a Total War Governments created a draft Governments raised taxes and borrowed money to pay for war Governments rationed or limited goods so military could be provided for Governments widely circulated propaganda Women at home took jobs that men left behind

24. Technology Changes Warfare InventionDescriptionUses in World War I Automatic Machine Gun Mounted gun that fires a rapid continuous stream of bullets Made it possible for a few gunners to mow down waves of soldiers TankArmored vehicle that travels on a track and can cross many kinds of land Protected advancing troops as they broke through enemy defenses; Early tanks were slow and clumsy SubmarineUnderwater ship that can launch torpedoes or guided underwater bombs Used by Germany to destroy Allied ships; submarine attacks helped bring United States into war AirplaneOne or two-seat propeller plane equipped with machine gun or bombs At first, mainly used for observation; later, flying ‘aces’ engaged in air combat Poison Gas; Gas MaskGases that cause choking, blindness, or severe skin blisters; gas masks can protect soldiers from poison gas Lobbed into enemy trenches, killing or disabling troops; gas masks lessened the importance of poison gas

25. World War I Turning Points in the War – The United States sold arms to the Allied forces but remained neutral though 1916 – In 1917, after repeated attacks by German U- boats on US ships carrying civilians, the US entered the war – The entry of the Americans helped the Allies win the war – Why?

27. World War I Turning Points in the War – In Russia, morale was so low that a revolution broke out in 1917 – In 1918, the new leader in Russia signed a treaty with Germany that took Russia out of the war

28. Costs of the War On November 11, 1918, an armistice was declared On June 28 th 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed which officially ended the war

29. Costs of the War Human Casualties – 8.5 million killed – More than 27 million wounded – Famine threatened many regions – Disease was widespread in many regions Economic Losses – Factories, farms, and homes had been destroyed – Nations had huge war debts to repay – The Allies, bitter at the destruction, forced the Central Powers to make reparations