1. UK Aid Direct Introduction to Logframes (only required at proposal stage)

2. Why Use Logical Frameworks? Presents a clear hierarchy between impact, outcome, outputs and activities (see clarification of terms in next slides) Presents a clear hierarchy between impact, outcome, outputs and activities (see clarification of terms in next slides) Clear, concise and accessible statement of all key components of a project Clear, concise and accessible statement of all key components of a project Clarifies how the project is expected to work and what it will achieve Clarifies how the project is expected to work and what it will achieve Identifies the main factors related to the success of the project Identifies the main factors related to the success of the project Provides a basis for monitoring and evaluation Provides a basis for monitoring and evaluation Note: The framework may develop and change as the project develops. Note: The framework may develop and change as the project develops.

3. Logframes PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION IMPACT OUTCOME ACTIVITIES OUTPUTS

4. Elements of the DFID Logical Framework Template 1. Impact, outcome and outputs 2. Indicators 3. Baselines, milestones and targets 4. Sources 5. Risks, assumptions 6. Weighting of outputs 7. Inputs (Money and human resources)

5. Clarification of terms: 1. Impact The Impact is not intended to be achieved solely by the project. This is a higher-level situation that the project will contribute towards achieving. The Impact is not intended to be achieved solely by the project. This is a higher-level situation that the project will contribute towards achieving.

6. Outcome There can only be one Outcome for the project. The Outcome should identify what will change, and who will benefit. There can only be one Outcome for the project. The Outcome should identify what will change, and who will benefit. For UK Aid Direct projects, there should be a clear link between the Outcome and the UK Aid Programme Objectives for the relevant funding round. For UK Aid Direct projects, there should be a clear link between the Outcome and the UK Aid Programme Objectives for the relevant funding round. Outcomes should be largely within the control of the project Outcomes should be largely within the control of the project

7. Outputs Outputs are the specific, direct deliverables of the project. These will provide the conditions necessary to achieve the Outcome. The logic of the chain from Output to Outcome therefore needs to be clear. Outputs are the specific, direct deliverables of the project. These will provide the conditions necessary to achieve the Outcome. The logic of the chain from Output to Outcome therefore needs to be clear. Best practice indicates a maximum of 6 Outputs Best practice indicates a maximum of 6 Outputs Outputs should be 100% within the control of the project Outputs should be 100% within the control of the project

8. Exercise: Consider the following problem statement Within Province XXXX, under-five mortality rates and reported incidences of other waterborne diseases are significantly higher than the national average. These problems are associated with poor access to potable water, high rates of open defecation, a lack of household sanitation facilities, and a low level of hygiene awareness within the community.

9. Exercise 1: Which of the following are output, outcome and impact statements? (answers at end of presentation) Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviour among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX. Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviour among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX. Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable water Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable water Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviour Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviour Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXX. Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXX. Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilities Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilities

10. 2. Indicators An indicator is “ … a piece of information that provides evidence that something has happened”

11. Quantitative indicators are expressed as numbers Units – the number of staff that have been trained Units – the number of staff that have been trained Proportions – the proportion of the community that has access to the service Proportions – the proportion of the community that has access to the service Rates of change – the percentage change in average household income over the reporting period Rates of change – the percentage change in average household income over the reporting period Ratios – the ratio of teachers to pupils in a school Ratios – the ratio of teachers to pupils in a school Scoring and ranking – the score out of five given by the project participants to rate the quality of service they receive Scoring and ranking – the score out of five given by the project participants to rate the quality of service they receive

12. 2. Qualitative indicators are expressed through narrative description. Satisfaction – how participants describe their levels of satisfaction with the project’s activities Satisfaction – how participants describe their levels of satisfaction with the project’s activities Standards – the extent to which training is recognised by the appropriate authorities Standards – the extent to which training is recognised by the appropriate authorities Practices and behaviour – the way practice has changed since the completion of hygiene education Practices and behaviour – the way practice has changed since the completion of hygiene education Institutional change – the effect of new measures introduced to improve the NGO’s accountability to project users Institutional change – the effect of new measures introduced to improve the NGO’s accountability to project users

13. DFID guidance on indicators Indicators are performance measures, which tell us what we are going to measure, not what is to be achieved. Indicators are performance measures, which tell us what we are going to measure, not what is to be achieved. Indicators may be quantitative OR qualitative Indicators may be quantitative OR qualitative Indicators should only state what will be measured Indicators should only state what will be measured They should be neutral and should not include elements of the baseline or target (“No such thing as a SMART Indicator”) They should be neutral and should not include elements of the baseline or target (“No such thing as a SMART Indicator”) Each Indicator you choose to measure your objectives must be verifiable by some means. If not, you must find another indicator. Each Indicator you choose to measure your objectives must be verifiable by some means. If not, you must find another indicator.

14. Exercise 2: At which level (outputs, outcomes, impact) should the following indicators appear? (answers at end of presentation) No. of improved household sanitation facilities provided No. of improved household sanitation facilities provided No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training Under five mortality rate Under five mortality rate Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean water Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean water No. of households provided with new/improved drinking water source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) away

15. 3. Baselines, targets and milestones - Examples IndicatorBaselineMilestone 1Milestone 2Target # people employed in local fishing industry 30 (20 male, 10 female) 50 (30 male, 20 female) 55 (32 male, 23 female) 60 (35 male, 25 female) Existence of policy on use of common grazing land No policy supports the use of common grazing land by project beneficiaries. There is no consensus on changes required. Local government officials are persuaded to look into the issue, and attend meetings to discuss. A new proposed policy is outlined and sent out for consultation. Policy on use of common grazing land is adopted by local government.

16. 4. Sources The ‘Source’ provides a description of where to find the information you need in order to demonstrate what has been accomplished. The frequency with which project staff will obtain information from stated sources should be indicated (e.g. Annual survey, quarterly interviews)

17. 5. Risks and Assumptions As part of the design phase, you will need to define the important assumptions you are making, which should be linked to the realisation of your project’s Outcome and individual Outputs. Risk ratings need to be established for each output and should be recorded as Low, Medium or High. Risks are also identified in the Activity Log

18. Use of Assumptions in logframe IF we undertake the activities AND the risks are managed, THEN we will DELIVER the outputs. IF we deliver the outputs AND the assumptions hold true, THEN we will ACHIEVE the outcome. IF we achieve the outcome AND the assumptions hold true, THEN we will CONTRIBUTE to the impact.

19. 6. Weighting of outputs A percentage value on each output to show how much each output contributes to the achievement of the outcome The percentages should add up to 100% overall The weighting of outputs is important at proposal stage because it indicates the relative importance of each output

20. 7. Inputs Money – estimate of the proportion of the budget required for the delivery of each each output and in total for the achievement of the outcome Human resources – estimate the proportional allocation of FTE inputs (for which DFID funding is requested) per output and overall

21. Key things to remember At proposal stage - concentrate on ensuring that the logic of the design is clear Make sure that the logframe and activity log are coherent with other proposal documents (narrative proposal, budget, Gantt chart)

22. Answers to Exercise 1 (see Slide 9) Impact: Impact: Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXX. Reduced incidence of diseases, mortality and vulnerability associated with lack of potable water, safe sanitation & hygiene practices in all rural communities in Province XXXX. Outcome: Outcome: Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviours among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX. Improved water, hygiene and basic sanitation behaviours among 5 selected rural communities in Province XXXXX. Outputs: Outputs: Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviours Targeted households are provided with training and equipment to enable adoption of safer hygiene behaviours Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilities Targeted households have access to improved sanitation facilities Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable water Women, men and children in selected areas have access to safe/potable water

23. Answer to Exercise 2 (see Slide 14) Impact Indicators: Impact Indicators: Under five mortality rate Under five mortality rate Outcome Indicators: Outcome Indicators: Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean water Percentage of people practicing hand washing with soap and clean water Output Indicators: Output Indicators: No. of improved household sanitation facilities provided No. of improved household sanitation facilities provided No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training No. of targeted beneficiaries (women, men and children) participating in appropriate hygiene awareness training No. of households provided with new/improved drinking water source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) away No. of households provided with new/improved drinking water source less than 30 minutes (or 1km) away