1. Kingdom Plantae BSC 2011C – Fund of Bio II Spring 2007 – J. Laborda

2. Introduction Botany Importance of the Plant Kingdom –It provides a majority of our food –It provides a majority of our energy –Plants produce some of our oxygen –Plants provide a variety of products –Plants are also important to us in a sort of spiritual way, a source of beauty, comfort, relaxation, etc…

3. Introduction Basic Plant Kingdom Information –Cellular Structure Eukaryotic and Multicellular Cell walls are present made of cellulose Most have chlorophyll (green) and other pigments within chloroplasts Carry out photosynthesis They are autotrophs

4. Introduction Basic Plant Kingdom Information (cont) –Reproduction They reproduce sexually, though many also have forms of asexual reproduction

5. Introduction Three Major Plant Groups The kingdom is currently divided into 10 phyla –See Appendix D in Campbell/Reece text These 10 phyla can be placed into three major groups –Nonvascular plants –Vascular plants without seeds –Vascular plants with seeds

6. Introduction Three Major Plant Groups (cont) –Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes) Lack vascular tissues There are currently three phyla in this group –Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts) –Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) –Phylum Bryophyta (mosses)

7. Introduction Three Major Plant Groups (cont) –Vascular plants without seeds A seed contains a young plant and stored food inside a protective seed coat There are currently two phyla in this group: –Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) –Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

8. Introduction Three Major Plant Groups (cont) –Vascular plants with seeds (contains two sub- groups) Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) –Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) –Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) –Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) –Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) Flowering plants (Angiosperms) –Phylum Anthophyta

9. Plant Classification Nonvascular Plants –At one time all nonvascular plants were classified in phylum bryophyta –The word bryophyta means “moss plant” –This group (nonvascular plants) contains the mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Anthocerophyta) –Epiphytes

10. Mosses

11. Moss

14. Nonvascular Plants (cont) Life cycle of a moss: –It illustrates “alternation of generations” –The two generations (act of producing) are: »Gametophyte generation - multicellular haploid form that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation »Sporophyte generation – the multicellular diplid form that results from a union of gametes and that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation Plant Classification

15. Figure 29.8 The life cycle of a Polytrichum moss (layer 3) Mature sporophytes Young sporophytes Male gametophyte Raindrop Sperm Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Antheridia Female gametophyte Egg Arcl egonia FERTILIZATION (within archegonium) Zygote Archegonium Embryo Female gametophytes Gametophore Foot Capsule (sporangium) Seta Peristome Spores Protonemata “Bud” MEIOSIS Sporangium Calyptra Capsule with peristome (LM) Rhizoid Mature sporophytes Page 581 Gametophyte Sporophyte

16. Antheridia

17. Archegonia

18. Young sporophyte

19. Plant Classification Nonvascular Plants (cont) –Economic importance of the nonvascular plants (bryophytes)???

20. Plant Classification Vascular Plants Without Seeds –These are plants with vascular tissues for transporting water and minerals throughout the plant –This group (vascular plants w/o seeds) contains the lycophytes (Lycophyta), ferns, horsetails, & whisk ferns (Pterophyta) –Phylum Lycophyta (lycophytes) –Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

21. Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts)

22. Ferns (pterophytes – true ferns ?filicinophytes?)

23. Horsetails (pterophytes – ?sphenophytes?)

24. Psilotum nudum bearing sporangia Whisk fern in San Fran Whisk ferns - pterophytes (?psilophytes?)

25. Plant Classification Vascular Plants Without Seeds (cont) –They do not produce seeds, but rather spores –Spores are a single cell with a protective coat

26. The life cycle of a fern Fern sperm use flagella to swim from the antheridia to eggs in the archegonia. 4 Sporangia release spores. Most fern species produce a single type of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. 1 The fern spore develops into a small, photosynthetic gametophyte. 2 Although this illustration shows an egg and sperm from the same gametophyte, a variety of mechanisms promote cross-fertilization between gametophytes. 3 On the underside of the sporophyte‘s reproductive leaves are spots called sori. Each sorus is a cluster of sporangia. 6 A zygote develops into a new sporophyte, and the young plant grows out from an archegonium of its parent, the gametophyte. 5 MEIOSIS Sporangium Mature sporophyte New sporophyte Zygote FERTILIZATION Archegonium Egg Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Spore Young gametophyte Fiddlehead Antheridium Sperm Gametophyte Key Sorus Figure 29.12 Page 585

29. Fern Antheridium

30. Fern Archegonium

31. Fern sori  Fern sporangia

32. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds –Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) The seeds of a gymnosperm are not enclosed in an ovary They lie on tiny shelves –Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgo) –Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) –Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) –Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers)

33. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) –Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) Phylum Coniferophyta Several families of conifers in this phylum –Pine family: pines, cedars, spruces, furs –Cypress family: cypresses & junipers –Yew family: yews –Redwood family: redwoods, sequoias, bald cypresses (have needles instead of scales like the Cypress Family)

34. The Life Cycle of a Pine Figure 30.6 Ovule Megasporocyte (2n) Integument Longitudinal section of ovulate cone Ovulate cone Pollen cone Mature sporophyte (2n) Longitudinal section of pollen cone Microsporocytes (2n) Pollen grains (n) (containing male gametophytes) MEIOSIS Micropyle Germinating pollen grain Megasporangium MEIOSIS Sporophyll Microsporangium Surviving megaspore (n) Germinating pollen grain Archegonium IntegumentEgg (n) Female gametophyte Germinating pollen grain (n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Pollen tube Egg nucleus (n) FERTILIZATION Seed coat (derived from parent sporophyte) (2n) Food reserves (gametophyte tissue) (n) Embryo (new sporophyte) (2n) Seeds on surface of ovulate scale Seedling Key Diploid (2n) Haploid (n)

35. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) –Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) –e.g., Sago palm – female pic above right, see p. 594 for a great pic of a male cycad –About 130 species left today…much more diverse in the past

36. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) –Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) Phylum Ginkgophyta (ginkgos) –Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species »Male & female plants are separate, females put out a real bad smell »Males are prized as an ornamental »The fan-shaped leaves turn gold in autumn

37. Ginkgo biloba

38. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds (cont) –Non-flowering plants (Gymnosperms) (cont) Phylum Gnetophyta (gnetophytes) (only 3 families) –EPHEDRACEAE »Ephedra 40 species. Europe to China, Mexico and US, S. America. –GNETACEAE »Gnetum 28 species. Indomalesia, amazonian S. America, tropical W. Africa. –WELWITSCHIACEAE »Welwitschia One species (W. mirabilis) of Angola and SW Africa.

39. Ephedra viridis

40. Ephedra sinica

41. Gnetum

42. Welwitschia mirabilis

43. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds –Flowering plants (Angiosperms) Seeds enclosed in an ovary Only one phylum – P. Anthophyta Mature ovary called a “fruit” –E.g., oranges, tomatoes, corn kernels, pea pods –Only one phylum = Phylum Anthophyta

44. Fruits

45. Life Cycle of an Angiosperm Key Mature flower on sporophyte plant (2n) Ovule with megasporangium (2n) Female gametophyte (embryo sac) Nucleus of developing endosperm (3n) Discharged sperm nuclei (n) Pollen tube Male gametophyte (in pollen grain) Pollen tube Sperm Surviving megaspore (n) Microspore (n) Generative cell Tube cell Stigma Ovary MEIOSIS Megasporangium (n) Pollen grains Egg Nucleus (n) Zygote (2n) Antipodal cells Polar nuclei Synergids Egg (n) Embryo (2n) Endosperm (food Supply) (3n) Seed coat (2n) Seed FERTILIZATION Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Anther Sperm (n) Pollen tube Style Microsporangium Microsporocytes (2n) Germinating Seed

46. Generic Flower Anther Filament Stigma Style Ovary Carpel Petal Receptacle Ovule Sepal Stamen

47. Plant Classification Vascular Plants With Seeds –Flowering plants (Angiosperms) (cont) Phylum Anthophyta – divided into two classes: –Class Monocotyledoneae (monocots) –Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots) (the old Dicotyledonae – dicots) [see p. 602-603]

48. MonocotsDicots SeedsOne cotyledon (seed leaf) Two cotyledons LeavesParallel venationNetted venation StemsVascular tissue scatteredVascular tissue usually arranged in ring RootsUsually fibrousUsually a taproot PollenPollen grain with one opening Pollen grain with three openings FlowersFlower parts usually in multiples of three Flower parts usually in multiples of four or five

52. MonocotEudicot - Dicot

53. Monocot = fibrous Eudicot = tap

54. Monocot pollen

55. Plant Anatomy Introduction –Plant parts can be termed as “woody” or “herbaceous” Woody parts Herbaceous parts –Whole plants can be termed as “woody” or “herbaceous” Herbaceous plants Woody plants

56. Plant Anatomy Plant Organs –Vegetative organs –Reproductive organs

57. Plant Anatomy Plant Tissues –Meristematic tissues = all one type of cells able to carry on mitosis Apical meristem Lateral meristem –Vascular tissues = made of more than one type of cell. They conduct water and dissolved materials Xylem carries water and dissolved ions from the roots to stems and leaves Phloem carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all other parts of the plant

59. Plant Anatomy Plant Tissues (cont) –Structural tissues = tissues that carry on photosynthesis and/or form the structural parts of plants E.g., Epidermis (covers & protects) in more herbaceous plants E.g., Periderm – Cork tissues (protects, waterproofs) replaces epidermis in woody plants

60. Plant Anatomy The Leaf –Probably two most important functions: Trapping energy of sun Photosynthesis (production of sugars)

61. Plant Anatomy The Leaf (cont) –Cuticle –Epidermis –Chloroplasts –Stomata w/guard cells

62. Falling Leaves Deciduous Trees –Have an abscission layer at base of petiole –Leaf scar –Loss of green color due to lack of water to leaves during death of abscission layer…less bountiful colors will show through as result Some colors, such as red, blues, violets only are produced when temps around 40 degrees Some species do not produce other pigments…so when chlorophyll is lacking, they appear brown due to the tannic acid in all trees

63. Falling Leaves Evergreens –Most coniferous trees do not lose leaves till Spring when new leaves have already grown…thus appear always green

64. Plant Growth Time Factors Annual plants –Sprout, grow, flower, and produce seeds in one growing season –Most herbaceous plants are annuals Biennial plants –Sprout & grow in first growing season –Flowers & produces seeds in second growing season Perennial plants –Grows year after year –Most woody plants are perennials –Some herbaceous plants are perennials

65. The Root Functions of Roots –Anchoring –Absorption –Transportation –Food Storage

66. The Root Root Systems –Taproot system (e.g., carrots, oak trees) –Fibrous root system –Adventitious roots arising from stems

67. The Root Growth of a Root –Longitudinal section of a root tip Root cap Meristematic region Elongation region Maturation region

68. The Root Growth of a Root –Primary tissues (made during the primary growth of a root) Epidermis Cortex Endodermis Vascular tissues –Vascular cylinder in eudicots –Spread out in monocots

69. The Root Growth of a Root –Primary tissues (made during the primary growth of a root) Vascular tissues (cont) –Xylem –Phloem –Cambium –Pericycle

70. The Stem Functions of Stems –Manufacture and display leaves –Conduct materials to leaves for photosynthesis and growth, and to roots for growth –Most carry on photosynthesis when young, and a few as adults (e.g., cacti)

71. The Stem External Anatomy of a Stem –Bud scales –Apical bud (terminal bud) –Lateral bud –Internode –Bud scale scars –Leaf scar –Lenticels

72. End of Plant Unit Some additional material covered in lab