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Published byAdelia Walton Modified over 8 years ago
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CHAPTER 1 The Tools of Geography
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Essential Question: How do geographers show information on maps?
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Geoterms Absolute Location: the precise point where a place is located on Earth Distortion: a change in the shape, size, or position of a place when it is shown on a map Map Projection: a way of representing the spherical Earth on a flat surface Relative Location: where a place is located in relation to another place
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The Geographic Setting Locating Things on Earth The Main Purpose of Maps Absolute location Relative location Distortion The Big Problem with Maps Two-dimensional – length & width Map projections – possible solution
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Maps, Titles, and Symbols The Title Tells What a Map Shows A Compass Rose Shows Direction on a Map A Legend Identifies Symbols on a Map A Grid Organizes Space on a Map
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The Global Grid Longitude and Latitude Lines of Latitude Parallel the Equator Parallels of Latitude They run east and west Equator – most important Lines of Latitude Parallel the Equator Meridians of Longitude They run from Pole to Pole Prime Meridian – most important International Date Line – next most important Latitude and Longitude Mark Absolute Location Coordinates Identify exact location
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Dealing with Distances Map Scales Scale Effects Details Large Scale map – close-up view of a small area with a lot of detail Small Scale map – shows a large area but with few details Estimating Distance with a Map Scale Map Scale – tells you how to read distance on the map
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Hemispheres, Continents, and Oceans A Hemisphere is Half a World Hemispheres – Earth is divided into halves Continents and Oceans Continents Landmass
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Earth and the Sun Earth’s Movement Revolution – one trip around the sun (365¼ days) Axis – imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole Rotation – Spinning motion of the Earth (24 hours) Earth’s Tilt Creates the Seasons The tilt of Earth’s axis relative to the sun Tropics, Circles, and Zones Tropic of Cancer – northern line latitude where the sun’s rays beat straight down Tropic of Capricorn – southern line latitude where the sun’s rays beat straight down Tropical Zones – Area between the two lines Arctic Circle –northernmost line of latitude Antarctic Circle – southernmost line of latitude Polar Zones – area between the Arctic and Antarctic Circles Temperate Zones – area between the tropical and polar zones Summers are warm and winters are cool
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Showing a Round World on a Flat Map All Flat Maps Have Distortion Lambert Projections Shows polar Areas that Other Maps Distort Mercator Projections Shows Direction but Distorts Size Eckert IV Projections Shows Size but Distorts Shape Goode’s Homolosine Projections Shows Continents but Distorts the Oceans
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Essential Question: How do geographers show information on maps?
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