1. Byzantine Empire

2. Main Idea  After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West, the Byzantine Empire emerged as the dominant eastern power, with Constantinople as its political, economic, and religious center. The empire lasted over 1,000 years.

3. Background:  1. Western half of the Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D.  2. Byzantium had already been rebuilt by Emperor Constantine, who then renamed the city Constantinople.

4. Geography and Cityscape of Constantinople  1. Built on seven hills and divided into 14 districts, like Rome.  2. Protected by 13 miles of walls, watchtowers, and gates.  3. Easily fortified site surrounded on three sides by water, bordering a natural harbor. Its location combined with its control of the Bosporus Strait made the city a hub for trade and shipping between Europe, Africa, and Asia.

5. Walls of Constantinople

8. A satellite view of the area. Europe Asia Black Sea Aegean Sea & sea trade routes? Can you see the remarkable location of Constantinople at the center of the ‘X’ of land

9. The Black Sea. The Bosphorus Strait. The Sea of Marmara. The Dardanelles Strait. Constantinople today known as Istanbul.

10. A great view of the Bosphorus from space. And can you see the narrow bay to the north of Byzantium that is called the Golden Horn? Can you see the point that is Byzantium?

11. A satellite view of Istanbul today. There used to be a chain stretched across the Golden Horn for protection.

12. Geography and Cityscape of Constantinople  4. Adequate distance from Germanic invasions of the western empire.  5. Good location to protect Europe’s eastern frontier.  6. Seized by Turks in 1453 CE and renamed Istanbul; today it is a major city in modern Turkey.

13. Role of Constantinople:  1. True center or seat of Byzantine power until the Ottoman conquest  2. Important in preserving classical Greco-Roman culture

14. Justinian and Theodora

16. How Justinian Was Described  While alive Justinian was described as devout, determined, and energetic. Why?  After His Death, the historian Procopius referred to Justinian as two-faced and cruel in a “Secret History”

17. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian:  1. Justinian Code (Corpus Juris Civilis) – sorted through old Roman laws and established a new code of law for the Byzantine Empire. It lasted for 900 years!  - included laws concerning marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, and women’s rights  - Significance – had a significant impact on European legal code

19. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian: 2. Re-conquered former Roman territories but not Rome 3. Significantly expanded trade

20. Achievements of Byzantine Emperor Justinian: 4. Acted as head of church and state (2- seated Chair) 5. Placed a heavy emphasis on church building, which displayed his leadership of both the government and the church. - Hagia Sophia – Constantinople’s masterpiece of architecture and faith

21. One of Justinian’s greatest accomplishments - the construction of the beautiful Cathedral of the Holy Wisdom ~ The Hagia Sophia

22. And more achievements! 6. Came to throne at age 45! Considered Byzantium's most ambitious ruler. 7. Drove barbarians out of North Africa, Spain, and Italy 8. Built bridges, churches, hospitals, libraries, and last but not least parks.

23. THEODORA!?!?!?  Born into lower class, worked as an actress and dancer as a teenager.  Loved adventure, new friendships and travel  Married Justinian while in her 20’s, sometimes equaled or surpassed husbands wisdom and skills.  Convinced her husband to crush Nika rebellion  Established Social Welfare programs for the poor  Worked for the rights of women

24. Theodora  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GBnJe_x8sA&list=UU AiABuhVSMZJMqyv4Ur5XqA&index=8&feature=plcp&saf ety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GBnJe_x8sA&list=UU AiABuhVSMZJMqyv4Ur5XqA&index=8&feature=plcp&saf ety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active  In the bubble heads, write 5 statements about Theodora from the points of view of:  The poor  Women  Nika rebels  Justinian  Her friends

25. Hagia Sophia

27. HAGIA SOPHIA  Built during Justinian’s reign. Took 5-6 years to build  Known as the “Church of Holy Wisdom”  When Constantinople fell to the Turks, Hagia Sophia became a mosque; now it is a museum  Plain exterior symbolizes earthly life  Ornate interior symbolizes spiritual universe  Cathedral’s size, thick pillars, and enclosed space show Roman influence.  Intricate and ornate design shows Eastern influences

30. Byzantine architects invented the pendentives which connected the round base of a dome to a square building.

32. The combination of Greco-Roman and Middle Eastern influence are evident in the intricate decoration on this column.

33. Mosaics with gold-covered stones added more light to the huge interior of Hagia Sofia.

35. Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture: 1. art and architecture inspired by two things: Christian religion and imperial power 2. Icons – definition – religious images 3. Elaborate mosaics in public and religious structures

36. Icon/Mosaic in Hagia Sophia

37. Byzantine Achievements in Art and Architecture: 4. Hagia Sophia – most beautiful architectural achievement 5. Hippodrome – entertainment venue for chariot races and circuses

38. Hippodrome

42. Byzantine Culture: 1. Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries 2. Greek – primary language (as opposed to Latin in the West) 3. Church – Greek Orthodox Christianity

43. The Division of the Christian Church:  Background: Distance and lack of contact slowly caused the doctrines and rituals of Western and Eastern Christianity to split in the 11 th Century.

44. East vs. West : A Religious Dispute Patriarch- head bishop of the east (Constantinople) Conflict about power of Pope (in west) and Emperor (in east) Regional differences made more conflicts arise

45. The Western Church- Roman Catholic 1. Centered in Rome 2. Far from the seat of government power once the capital moved to Constantinople 3. Services conducted in Latin

46. The Western Church - Roman Catholic 4. The pope had authority over all other bishops 5. The pope had authority over all kings and emperors 6. Priests cannot marry and must remain celibate 7. Divorce is not permitted

47. The Eastern Church – Greek/Eastern Orthodox 1. Centered in Constantinople 2. Close to seat of government power once capital moved to Constantinople 3. Services conducted in Greek or local languages

48. The Eastern Church – Eastern Orthodox 4. The patriarch and other bishops head the church as a group 5. The emperor claimed authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the Byzantine Empire 6. Priests may be married 7. Divorce is allowed under certain conditions

49. The Great Schism  Icons – Pictures of important Christians or sacred events. Can be mosaics, murals, wooden panels.  Those who did not believe in them were called Iconoclasts (Eastern Christians)  This was one of the breaking points for the split.

50. The Great Schism In 1054, the split between the Eastern and Western Churches was made permanent when the Pope (in the West) and the Patriarch (in the East) excommunicated each other.  Excommunication – definition: cast out from the church  This permanent split was called the schism

51. Roman Catholic Eastern Orthodox They base their faith on the gospel of Jesus and the Bible They use sacraments such as baptism Their religious leaders are priests and bishops They seek to convert people Service are conducted in Latin The pope has authority over all other bishops The pope claims authority over all kings and emperors Priests may not marry Divorce is not permitted Service are conducted in Greek or local languages The patriarch and other bishops head the Church as a group The emperor claims authority over the patriarch and other bishops of the empire Priests may be married Divorce is permitted under certain conditions

52. Constantinople: The Hub of Byzantine Trade Russia: Fur, Honey, Timber France: Wine England Tin Spain: Cork Africa: Ivory, gold China: Silk India: Spices

53. Decline of Empire  Plague of Justinian that crippled Empire  In 542, 10,000 people were dying every day!  Attacks from East, West, and North  Slavs, Persians, Turks, and Russian invasions  Attempt to maintain power  Through political marriages, bribes and diplomacy  Walls kept the peninsula strong until 1453 when it fell to the Ottoman Turks  Split of the Church What goes up… … Must come down

54. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 550 AD

55. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1050 AD

56. BYZANTINE EMPIRE 1350 AD

57. Ottoman Empire 1606 A.D.

58. Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia: 1. Trade routes between the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea let to exchange of ideas and culture 2. Eastern Orthodox missionaries spread their faith to the Slavic people of Russia and Eastern Europe

59. Influence of Byzantine Culture on Eastern Europe and Russia: 3. Cyril invented an alphabet for the Slavic languages so that the Slavs could read the Bible in their own tongue. This was called the Cyrillic alphabet 4. Church architecture and religious art

60. A Russian Orthodox Church in the Ukraine ~ very similar to the Hagia Sophia.