1. Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood
Chapter 8

2. Erik Erikson’s Stage-Initiative vs. Guilt
Psychological conflict of Early Childhood
Resolved positively through play experiences that foster healthy sense of initiative and development of conscience that is not overly strict
Play is important to preschoolers

3. Phallic Stage-Freud Sexual impulses transfer to genital region of body
Oedipus Conflict-boy desires to posses mother and hostile towards father
Electra conflict-girl desires to posses father and feels hostile toward mother

4. Self Concept
Sum of total attributes, abilities, attitudes and values that an individual believes to help define who he/she is
Preschoolers-describe self using concrete terms (name, physical appearance, possession, and everyday behaviors)
Can describe emotions, and beliefs and attitudes by 3 ½.
Firmer sense of self allows for cooperation

5. Self-Esteem
Preschoolers usually rate on abilities as extremely high and underestimate difficulty of task.
Desire to master new skills
Even a little criticism can undermine a preschooler’s self-esteem and enthusiasm for learning

6. Emotional Development
Rise in self-conscious emotions such as shame, embarrassment, guilt, envy and pride
Preschoolers can interpret, predict, and change other’s feeling
Fears are common
Vivid imaginations

7. Empathy Begins to develop at this age
Modeled after parents response to emotional event

8. Parten’s types of play
Nonsocial activity- unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play
Parallel play-child plays near other children with similar materials but does not interact with them
Associative play-children are engaged in separate activities but they interact by exchanging toys and commenting on one another’s behavior
Cooperative play-occurs when children’s actions are directed toward a common goal

9. Sociodramatic play Role play and dramatic play
Common during preschool years

10. First Friendships
Important in these years to social emotional development
Friendship-pleasurable play and sharing of toys-no long term enduring qualities at this time

11. Discipline
Positive reinforcement-model appropriate behavior, consistency with rules, warm and responsive
Punishment-can promote momentary compliance
Harsh punishment-models aggression, avoidance of punishing adult, should be avoided

12. Alternatives to Punishment
Time-out
Withdrawal of privileges
Positive discipline

13. Gender Typing Developing gender roles
Age 2 children can label on gender and of other persons
Family teachers and peers and television can influence gender typing with preschoolers

14. Parenting Styles Authoritative-rational, democratic approach
Happy, self-confident, and self-control in child
Authoritarian- demanding and low in responsive to children’s needs.
anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy and hostile
Permissive-undemanding
immature, have difficulty controlling impulses, overly demanding and depended on adults