1. POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1860-1980) Cindy Shelton
Chapter 5
POST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
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Cindy Shelton

2. Post Industrial Revolution
Inhumane conditions of child life continued
Dr. Maria Montessori became known
Froebel and Dr. Montessori impacted early childhood education movement in Great Britain
Will look at impact Grace Owen, the McMillan's and Jean Piaget had on early childhood around the world
They paved the way for early childhood programs today

3. GRACE OWEN (1873-1965) Trained in Froebelian methods
Her impressions of Kindergarten life published in Child Life
Held a progressive view on Kindergarten
Role of teacher is to encourage child’s spontaneous self expression and individuality
Undirected play
Suggestion
Imitation
Discovery by experiment

4. GRACE OWEN (1873-1965) 1908 testified before Board of Education
Inspectors opinion is that under fives get no intellectual advantage from school
1905 Code of Regulation for Public Elementary School refused “under fives” admission to schools
Three years later Owen testified about need for nursery school for 3-5
By 1918 there were 12 existing nursery school and 8 new schools supported by Board of Education
She was one of three founders of Nursery School Association founded in 1923

5. Margaret McMillan (1860-1931) Rachel McMillan (1859-1917)
Sisters who attended school until mother died in 1877
Margaret did volunteer work for labour movement and for Bradford socialists
Rachel studied to be a sanitation inspector
Volunteer work led Margaret to join Bradford School Board
Sisters began to fought for children’s causes such as malnourishment and disease
Led to nutrition programs and school baths in Britain
Margaret resigned from School Board in 1902 and moved to London

6. Margaret McMillan Opened a school health clinic
Opened night camps and camp school
Girls arrived at camp and helped in garden and with domestic tasks
Fresh air and good food helped children put on weight
Led to companion school being opened for boys
Gap in health care of children led to 1837 Notification of Birth Act which supervised health from newborn to age one

7. Rachel McMillan Nursery School
Margaret opened baby camp in 1911 which were unsuitable for very young children and led to establishment of nursery school
Infant teacher could devote time and thought to educational environment so children were “busily and purposefully occupied while teacher remained in the background”
4th stage of infant school movement- Free Play
Fisher Act passed in 1918 led to nursery schools throughout Great Britain

8. Three Goals of McMillan School
Nurture all children which to her meant “all round loving care of individuals”
Help parents improve their practices and improve their own potentials
Create a blueprint and model that others could use

9. The Training Centre In service and initial training of teachers
Part of the nursery school and started small so they could have individual training
Work with disadvantaged students
Teacher and parents as partners
Relationship between physical development and health to the development of cognitive and affective development
Understanding children’s behavior through observation
Nursery school teacher is “helping to make a brain and nervous system” (Brain based research)

10. Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980) Had an early interest in nature
Studied natural science
Age 21 presented dissertation in study of mollusks and was ABD for PhD in philosophy
Began to work with Parisian children and was interested in why they failed tests and not the “norms” for success
Three findings
Incorrect answers occurred often in children of same age so need to find how children think
Verbal skills not as developed in young children so pair verbal with manipulatives
Logic is way of describing thought process

11. Jean Piaget
Thought intelligence could be viewed as how an organism adapts to its environment
Focus on intellectual growth by looking at evolution in childhood
Began to publish books on early lives of children
Jean Piaget Society – formed by Dr. Lois Macomber
Interdisciplinary – scholars, teachers and researchers
Nature of developmental construction of human knowledge

12. Genova Group
Interdisciplinary international Center for Genetic Epistemology
Combine efforts to study a problem
Each looked at problem from their specialty view
Discuss findings at an annual symposium each June

13. Piaget Publications
300 papers, book chapters and introductions in French and translated into English and other languages
Major Interests
Study of life
Study of knowledge
Evolution of knowledge in the child
Several definitions of intelligence
Content of thought (thoughts and interests)
Specific heredity (biology)
General heredity (adaptation and organization

14. Piaget in Historical Context
Children construct their own knowledge and intelligence through play
Start with exercise play and move to symbolic play
Pretend play important cause lack logical reasoning
Play basis for self initiated activities
Children use language differently than adults but have same feelings as adults
Child makes world fit into their own schema

15. Piaget in Educational Context
He concentrated on process of thinking and how the answers to questions demonstrate the thought process
Interaction with peers important part of cognitive development
Child centered
Constance Kamii = principles of education from Piaget
Knowledge constructed from within
Social action and cooperation between peers
Intellectual activity based on actual experience rather than language

16. Curriculum Models from Piaget
Maturationist (Romanticism)
Child’s role in developmental maturation
Thought is a phenomenon – emphasize creativity and self confidence
Environmentalist (Cultural transmission)
Impact of outside environment
Knowledge comes from outside
Interactionist (cognitive developmental
Organism and environment interact in complex ways
Basis from Head Start and Follow Through models

17. Educational Context
Bank Street Model – Whole child / programs for disadvantaged should have same goal as programs for all children
Have to understand where gap lie to help with language and thinking
Kamii –DeVries program - study of nature of knowledge and how child gains knowledge
Piaget theory influence time needed for learning and quality of instruction