1. 1880-1914

2.  Imperialism = one country’s domination of political, economic, and social life of another country

3.  Political  rival European countries (nationalism)  Economic  demand for raw materials and markets for goods (competition, Industrial Revolution)

4.  Ideological  European religious fervor, feelings of racial/cultural superiority = Europeans wanted to impose their cultures on others  (Social Darwinism): idea that some races were more “evolved” than others  “The White Man’s Burden” – duty of Europeans to civilize “backward” people, spread Christianity and Western ideals/values

5.  Religious  desire to spread Christianity,  Exploratory  scientific/medical research, have adventure, investigate unknown land/culture

6.  Colony – directly ruled by an imperial power thru. colonial officials  Protectorate – has its own govt, but “guided” by a foreign power  Sphere of Influence – region where an imperial power has exclusive investment/trading rights

7.  1880-1914, European countries claimed most parts of Africa for their own  1885 – European nations met in Berlin, Germany and agreed to split (partition) Africa amongst themselves (Berlin Conference)  By 1914, Europe controlled 90% of Africa

8.  Invaded Algiers (Algeria), Tunis (Tunisia), and Morocco in Northern Africa

9.  Controlled Egypt, Sudan, South Africa  Desired to control a portion of Africa all the way from North to South (“From Cairo to Capetown” was the motto)

11.  By 1900, Liberia was the only independent state in West Africa.  Ethiopia was also independent (kicked out the Italians when led by King Menelik II)

12.  King Leopold II (Belgium) claimed Congo as his own private plantation; enslaved the people brutally for 20 years; then gave the plantation to the Belgian government

13.  Harmed land by mining, factories, logging  Paid Africans low wages, and imposed high taxes  Men housed in dorms away from families  Schools taught that European ways were best  By early 1900s, elite Africans began to condemn imperialism as against European ideals of liberty, equality, nationalism

14.  Controlled by British East India Company (a privately-owned joint stock company)  Army led by British officials- made up of Indian soldiers.  India seen as the “jewel in the crown”  British resists India’s economy from operating on its own.  British build railroad- set up plantations  Tea, indigo, coffee, opium  Sold opium to China

15.  Negative  British control political/economic issues  Reduction of food production = famine  Threatened traditional life  Positive  Railroads  Sanitation and public health improved  Schools/Colleges

16.  Rumor that cartridges for new rifles greased with beef and pork fat  What problem would this pose?  Sepoy Rebellion (1857) – soldiers rebel  British gov’t moves in, gains control of India  Nationalism grows as British use India for their Reasons. (Gandhi leads peaceful rebellions)

17.  British take control of Malayan Peninsula  Easier trade  Natural resources (tin, rubber)

18.  French gain control of Indo-China.  What is this area today?

21.  China had reluctant contact with European nations around 1600s-1800s  China’s government assumed they were stronger than Europe---TRUE?  ?Think way back to Age of Exploration? Who was superior?

22.  Britain desperately wanted to trade with China  Did China need anything?  What was one item Britain was getting from India that the Chinese could be interested in?

23.  Classified as a opiate.  Derived from poppy plants.  Medically was used as pain reducer.  Decreases pain and attention.  Use leads to loss of control in breathing and respiratory failure.

24.  In the late 1700’s British merchants began importing the drug opium  By 1835, 12 million Chinese were addicted to the drug.  The Qing emperor ordered Queen Victoria to stop selling Opium to Chinese.

25.  By what right do they [British merchants]…use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?... I have heard that smoking opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to harm other countries.  -Lin Zexu  In this quote what is Lin stating?

26.  Britain refused to stop selling opium  Lin Zexu attempted to stop the British merchants himself  How are drugs destroyed today?  How are the British merchants going to react to Lin’s choices?

27.  The Opium War (1839-1842)  China was surprised by Britain’s strength-  China badly beat  Treaty of Nanjing (1842)  U.S. & Other foreign citizens gained extraterritorial rights- foreigners were not subject to Chinese law.

28.  Foreign countries start to divide China up for themselves. How would the Chinese react to this?

29.  Taiping Rebellion-  Late 1830’s  Led by Hong Xiuquan  Boxer Rebellion  1900  Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Hardcore Chinese Men & Women- Used martial arts)  Red Shining Lanterns ( All female boxer group)

31.  Japan was isolationist (closed to foreigners) from 1600-1850s  American gunboats came to Japan and forced them to open to trade (1850s)  Japan saw how China was treated and decided to Westernized their military, government, schools, etc.  Japan, by modernizing, was able to compete with Europe and was never taken over  Japan beat China, then Russia in a war  Russo-Japanese was (1905) – first time an Asian nation beat a European nation