1. Social Control People generally follow social norms—and expect others to as well—because they have internalized the norms that they feel are useful and appropriate. When a person has not internalized a norm, society uses sanctions to motivate his or her conformity. Sanctions can be positive or negative, formal or informal. Social control is necessary to ensure that a society functions smoothly.

2. Every society has norms that must be upheld to run smoothly. Internalization is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society’s expectations. Examples: –Sitting in a chair instead of on the floor –Stopping at a red light Internalization of Norms

3. Positive sanctions Positive sanction: An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior Examples include: a teacher giving good grades, cheers from teammates Formal sanctions Formal sanction: A reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency Examples include: schools giving high or low grades, a business giving a raise or firing a worker Negative sanctions Negative sanction: A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. Examples include: a parking ticket, ridicule Informal sanctions Informal sanction: A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group Examples include: standing ovations, gossip Sanctions

4. Social control is enforcing norms through either internal or external means. –Primary means is self-control –Other agents use sanctions Police, religious figures, family, peer group, and public opinion Behavior that violates society’s basic norms jeopardizes the social order. Social Control

5. Conformity Solomon Asch – Conformity Experiment – Solomon Asch (1951) conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform. – Result: 1/3 of the respondents went along with the incorrect group response.

6. Factors Affecting Conformity – Conformity tends to increase as the size of the group increases. – When one other person in the group gave a different answer from the others, and the group answer was not unanimous, conformity dropped. – When participants were allowed to answer in private conformity decreases. – If someone is of high status or has a lot of knowledge, they might be more influential – When we are uncertain, it seems we look to others for confirmation. The more difficult the task the greater the conformity.

7. Milgram – Experiment on Obedience (Shock Experiment) One of the most famous studies of obedience in psychology was carried out by Stanley Milgram (1963). Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, conducted an experiment focusing on the conflict between obedience to authority and personal conscience. He examined justifications for acts of genocide offered by those accused at the World War II, Nuremberg War Criminal trials. Their defense often was based on obedience- that they were just following orders from their superiors. 65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts.