1. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 1 CHAPTER 3 Cultural Conformity and Adaptation Section 1: The American Values System Section 2: Social Control Section 3: Social Change

2. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 2 Objectives:  Identify the basic values that form the foundation of American culture.  Describe new values that have developed in the United States since the 1970s. Section 1: The American Values System

3. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 3 ( Eight ) Basic Values of American Culture  Personal Achievement – U.S. was built primarily by people that value individual achievement and competition, as in the area of employment.  Individualism – success comes through hard work and initiative.  Work – Americans view discipline, dedication, and hard work as signs of virtue Section 1: The American Values System

4. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 4 Basic Values of American Culture  Morality and Humanitarianism – Americans place a high value on religious faith and morality, they tend to view the world in terms of right and wrong; quick to help the unfortunate.  Efficiency and Practicality – practical and inventive, every problem has a solution; judge objects on their usefulness and people on their ability to get things done. Section 1: The American Values System (continued)

5. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 5 Basic Values of American Culture  Progress and Material Comfort – Americans believe that through hard work and determination, living standards will continue to improve.  Equality and Democracy – to have human equality, there must be an equality of opportunity; success is a reward that must be earned. Section 1: The American Values System (continued)

6. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 6 Basic Values of American Culture  Freedom – personal freedom of choice such as religion, speech, and press and protect them from government interference. Section 1: The American Values System (continued)

7. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 7 Our Changing Values  Self-fulfillment – the commitment to the full development of one ’ s personality, talents, and potential; includes leisure, physical fitness and youthfulness. (growing number of gyms and self-help books)  Doing work that has a positive effect on the world.  Education Section 1: The American Values System

8. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Concern for the environment.  Religion – belief in God, but lack of importance on attending religious services.  Dwindling desire for marriage. 8

9. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON American Values Bumper Stickers:  1. Red, White, and Blue; These Colors Don’t Run  2. Polish and Proud of it  3. Child on Board  4. Go for the Gold  5.  6.  …..  Ex: #1 represents the value of patriotism #2 represents ethnic pride, and so on…  Choose an American value and write your own message reflecting that value.  Design your own bumper sticker to communicate that message 9

10. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  You are a committee given the task of choosing the contents of the cornerstone of a new high school in your community. The cornerstone is a 3ft cube slightly smaller than a washing machine.  Only 10 items can be placed in the cornerstone, and each must represent the culture of the people who placed it there.  Work in your groups to decide on the 10 items.  Based on what you have learned about culture, you must be able to explain your reasoning for choosing each one of the items. 10 Activity

11. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON  Think of examples of practices in American society that cannot be explained yet are “traditions”  These traditions are termed cultural traits, cultural items and folkways of American society 11

12. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON American Culture…how strange…  To demonstrate how strange American customs may seem to persons from another culture…break into groups.  Write down traditions for each of the following American celebrations : Thanksgiving day, a football game, a wedding, Halloween, Easter, Christmas, 4 th of July, a religious service, or birthday party. 12

13. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 13 Objectives:  Identify how the norms of society are enforced.  Describe the differences between positive and negative sanctions and between formal and informal sanctions. Section 2: Social Control

14. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 14 Enforcing the Norms of Society  Internalization – process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual ’ s personality thus conditioning that individual to conform to society ’ s expectations.  Most people follow norms without conscious thought. However, not everyone internalizes all of societies norms.  Sanctions – rewards and punishments used to enforce conformity to the norms Section 2: Social Control

15. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 15 Different Types of Sanctions  Positive Sanction – action that rewards a particular kind of behavior. Ex: praise, good grades, or a pay raise  Negative Sanction – punishment or the threat of punishment to enforce conformity. Ex: ridicule, fines, imprisonment, and even death Section 2: Social Control

16. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 16 Different Types of Sanctions  Formal Sanction – rewards or punishments by a formal organization or regulatory agency such as the government and includes promotions, awards, or low grades  Informal Sanction – spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval by an individual or group such as a standing ovation, gifts, gossip, or ridicule Section 2: Social Control (continued)

17. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Social control:   The enforcement of conformity by society upon its members, either by law or by social pressure.   Individuals must follow certain rules of behavior if society is to function smoothly.   No society can survive for long without an effective system of social control.

18. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON Norms and informal social controls that exist in your own lives…   Pretend your family will be hosting an exchange student.   They speak English but have little to no prior knowledge of American norms and especially of the norms in American high schools.   Compile a list of norms that you believe the exchange student must follow in order to adjust to the new school and to be accepted by the other students.

19. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 19 Objectives:  Identify and describe the main sources of social change.  Describe the factors that lead people to resist social change. Section 3: Social Change

20. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 20 6 - Main Sources of Social Change 1. Values and Beliefs – are affected by ideology (ideas that justifies the social, moral, political, and economic interest of a group) spread through social movements 2. Technology – knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment 3. Population – change in size of population may bring about changes in the culture 4. Diffusion – the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another Section 3: Social Change

21. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 21 6. Main Sources of Social Change 5. Physical Environment – the environment may provide conditions that encourage or discourage cultural change 6. Wars and Conquest – are not common but bring about the greatest amount of change in the least amount of time Section 3: Social Change (continued)

22. THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON 22 Factors Causing Resistance to Social Change 1. Ethnocentrism – belief that their own ways and ideas are best. (Ex: buy American campaign) 2. Cultural Lag – a delay in cultural change. Material culture usually changes faster than nonmaterial culture. (Ex: typical school year) 3. Vested Interests – the need. A person who is satisfied with the way things are now is likely to resist change. Section 3: Social Change