1. S OCIAL C ONTROL Chapter 3, Section 2

2. I NTERNALIZATION OF N ORMS There are two main ways in which norms are enforced– internalization and sanctions. An individual’s following of a norm without actively thinking is internalization. Process by which a norm becomes part of an individual’s daily conditioned behavior. Sanctions= rewards or punishments used to enforce the conformity to norms.

3. T YPES OF S ANCTIONS Positive sanctions= an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior. Examples: parents praising children; cheering when your team hits the game-winning shot, etc. Negative sanctions= punishment, or the threat of punishment used to ensure conformity. The more important the norm, the more serious the negative sanction. Examples: Fear of being towed; frowns; threat of imprisonment.

4. T YPES OF S ANCTIONS Formal sanctions= reward or punishment given by a formal organization or agency, such as a school, business or gov. Can be negative or positive. Informal sanctions= spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval. Compliments, smiles, laughing, etc.

5. E NFORCING N ORMS Social control occurs when norms are enforced either internally or externally. Levels of social control: Self-control Authority figures w/use of sanctions Social order becomes jeopardized when norms are not followed. Societies cannot survive without a system of social control.

6. S OCIAL C HANGE Chapter 3, Section 3

7. W HAT IS IT ? All cultures encounter change at some point in time or another. How quickly a culture changes depends on how many traits it has. Change allows for more change. Functionalists view society as a set of interrelated parts. When a change occurs in one area of society, it leads to changes elsewhere.

8. S OURCES OF C HANGE - V ALUES AND B ELIEFS Ideology= system of beliefs or ideas that justify the social, moral, religious, political or economic interests of a society. The push for acceptance of an ideology leads to social movements. Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change. Involve large numbers of people. Examples: civil rights, environmental, women’s rights.

9. S OURCES OF C HANGE - T ECHNOLOGY AND P OPULATION Technology facilitates change in two ways– discovery and invention. Discovery  new uses for existing elements. Invention  existing knowledge is used to create something that did not previously exist. As population increases/decreases, the economy and culture of a society adjusts.

10. S OURCES OF C HANGE - D IFFUSION Diffusion= spreading cultural traits from one society to another. More contact= more traits borrowed. Certain cultural traits (especially technology) spread more rapidly than others. The adaptation of borrowed cultural traits into one’s own culture is known as reformulation.

11. R ESISTANCE TO C HANGE There is always some form of opposition to social change. Social changes are often the result of societal compromises. Ethnocentrism  belief that one’s own culture is superior. Cultural lag= occurs when certain cultural traits change quicker than others. Vested interests  if an individual is satisfied with the way things are, they would be against change.