1. History and Forms of Government

2. The Development of Government There were four different theories of governments, the force theory, the evolutionary rule, the divine right theory, and social contract theory. Force Theory – claimed by violence or threat of violence… “The state was born of force”. Evolutionary Theory – developed through families and tribes Divine Right Theory – God(s) gave power to those in charge… “the Divine Right to rule” Social Contract Theory – people give up some of their freedoms to the state for promote the well being of all… the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.

3. The Force Theory “The State was born of Force” Based upon the idea that one person/small group claimed control over an area and forced everyone within that area to submit to their rule. Once their rule was established- all 4 characteristics of the state were present (name them?). 1. Defined Territory. 2. Self-Rule (Sovereignty) 3. Some form of organized government 4. Population of people sharing a national identity/customs.

4. The Force Theory

5. The Evolutionary Theory Who is the head of your household? Your Mom, Dad, siblings, guardians? The Evolutionary Theory says that the head of the household was the “government”. Eventually this “lead” family evolved into a network of related clans and tribes who inhabited a piece of land- thus creating the state.

6. The Divine Right Theory Very popular throughout the 15 th -18 th centuries. God created the state and chose individuals to be given a “royal birth” and therefore the “divine right to rule”. Opposition to ruler is both treason and a moral sin.

7. The Social Contract Theory Most significant theory in relation to American Government. Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau Originally one’s safety, and allegiance, depended upon their physical strength and intelligence. In order to change this condition, people agreed upon a contract (the constitution) to ensure the safety and well-being of all. Popular sovereignty, limited government, individual rights.

8. The Social Contract Theory

9. Beginning… Families or tribes one leader customs & superstitions influenced decisions 10,000 yrs. ago established villages little government provided protection and food 9

10. Ancient Times… 3500 BC small cities w/ services rulers usually religious leaders Divine Right - rule came from god Military enforced rules 10

11. Where the law is subject to some other authority and has none of its own, the collapse of the state, in my view, is not far off; but if law is the master of the government and the government is its slave, then the situation is full of promise and men enjoy all the blessings that the gods shower on a state. Greeks city -s tates 1st democracy Aristotle & Plato 300 BC Rule of Law The rule of law is an ancient ideal, and was discussed by Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle around 350 BC. Plato wrote: 11 Likewise, Aristotle endorsed the rule of law, writing that "law should govern", and those in power should be "servants of the laws." Thus, everyone must follow the law

12. Romans philosopher power from the people refers to the idea that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is only justified and legal when derived from the people or society over which that political power is exercised. Cicero people have natural rights He insisted on the primacy of moral standards over government laws. These standards became known as natural law. Above all, Cicero declared, government is morally obliged to protect human life and private property. When government runs amok, people have a right to rebel—Cicero honored daring individuals who helped overthrow tyrants. 12

13. Middle Ages 700’s feudal system w/ lord & vassals In most of medieval Europe, society was dependent on the "feudal" system, which was based on allocation of land in return for service. The king would give out grants of land to his most important noblemen (barons and bishops), and each noble would have to promise to loyally follow him and supply him with soldiers in time of war. They did this at a special - kneeling before the king, he swore an oath with the words "Sire, I become your man." The nobles then divided their land among lower lords, or knights who also had to become their vassals(servants). In the lowest spot in society sat the peasants who worked on the land itself. They had almost no rights, tiny pieces of property - and no vassals. 13 Gave way to: Absolute Monarchy & Constitutional Monarchy (England) Constitutional Law – all men must obey the law some court customs still used rule by divine right & power from the church

14. Modern Times Colonial governments of the 1700’s had legislatures US and French revolution establish representative democracy By 1900’s much of Europe was under totalitarianism A form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual’s life to the authority of the government. In the broadest sense, totalitarianism is characterized by strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. 14

15. Forms of Government 15 Aristotle classified government by the number of rulers… he presented his classification of government in three pairs: 2 3. Democracy and polity - the rule of many - democracy is the rule of the people wherein their rights and privileges are practiced through voting and elections of government officials while polity is the people wherein citizens are equal and they take turns to rule under the law of the state Each category could be Virtuous – benefit of all Corrupt – benefit of the ruler

16. Autocracy - ruled by one person two types Monarchy - hereditary rulers have the power for life Caesar king, queen, czar, or sultan Rule ideally in a just way Tyranny / Dictatorship – governed with a ruler with unlimited power Rule usually in an unjust, cruel way 16

17. Monarchy Before 1900’s Mostly Absolute Monarchy - unlimited power Few Constitutional Monarchy – Limited power by law Today most monarchs are ceremonial executive power is held by a prime minister 17

18. Dictatorship Power acquired & maintained through fear violence and force war, revolution & assassination limit personal freedoms depend on military and police some gain power legally Today many still rule 18

19. Oligarchy - Ruled by few people 19 Several Types Aristocracy Theocracy Junta Authoritarianism Totalitarianism Aristocracy and oligarchy - the rule of few - aristocracy is the rule of highly privileged, upper class or elites while oligarchy is the rule of a dominant class or clique

20. Oligarchy Cont. Aristocracy – ruled by a privileged few, usually with inherited wealth social rank & ability feel they are superior idea of equality added to decline Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, and Kuwait 20

21. Oligarchy Cont. Theocracy – controlled by priests or priestesses with civil and religious authority god handed down government. Iran, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Yemen, Afghanistan, United Arab Emirates, Pakistian, and Mauritania are Islamic theocracies. The Vatican City is the only Christian theocracy, although its laws are still limited to the secular laws of Italy. 21

22. Oligarchy Cont. 22 Junta – small group of military officers take control of a government usually one officer takes power and it turns into a dictatorship Fiji, Thailand

23. Oligarchy Cont. Authoritarianism– power is in the hands of the party leaders legislatures pass without debate party policies rights usually violated absolute loyalty usually ends up totalitarian a dictatorship Cuba 23

24. Oligarchy Cont. Totalitarianism – total government control over political, economic, cultural religious, or social activities no personal freedom individual servant of state…demand absolute loyalty terror tactics used by secret police North Korea, Burma, Zimbabwe One political party Lead by dictator Can be an autocracy (dictatorship) Sometimes an oligarchy (Junta or Communism) 24

25. Democracy Ruled by many people Two types Direct Indirect 25

26. Direct Democracy People make the laws themselves citizens vote on laws Initiative In the citizens’ initiative process, citizens draft a legislative bill or constitutional amendment (a “measure”), which they then propose by petition; if the petition receives sufficient popular support, the measure is then placed on the ballot and can be enacted into law by a direct vote of citizens. Referendum the principle or practice of referring measures proposed or passed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate for approval or rejection. 26 Recall a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before his or her term has ended.

27. Indirect Democracy People choose representatives to make laws for them aka. representative demo. or republic Elect a set number of reps. to a legislative body congress, assembly, parliament, senate, council or legislature 27

28. Geographic Power Distribution Unitary – All power held and given by a Central Government Federal – Power is shared by central and local governments Division of Power Confederate - Alliance between independent states (countries) that has only the power given to it 28

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