1. Sociology 1201 Sociology 1201: Week Three 1. Symbolic Interactionism 2. What Does Marriage Mean 3. Gender Roles and Contradictions

2. Sociology 1201 Symbolic Interactionism as a sociological perspective Our world is a social construction, built through the web of social relationships and meanings. Our world is a social construction, built through the web of social relationships and meanings. We react to the meaning of social things and not to the things themselves. We react to the meaning of social things and not to the things themselves. Our self (selves?) in important part a social construction Our self (selves?) in important part a social construction

3. Sociology 1201 Charles Horton Cooley: Looking glass self “Society is an interweaving and interworking of mental selves. I imagine your mind and especially what your mind thinks about my mind. I dress my mind before you and expect that you will dress yours before mine. Whoever cannot or will not do this is not properly in the game.”

4. Sociology 1201 Primary Groups Lewis Coser: “Sensitivity to the thought of others, responsiveness to their attitudes, values and judgments--that is the mark of the mature man (or woman) according to Cooley. This can be cultivated and fostered only in the close and intimate associations of the primary group.”

5. Sociology 1201 George Herbert Mead: the “me” and the “I” Mind, self and society Mind, self and society Mind = my communication with myself Mind = my communication with myself Two parts to the self Two parts to the self –the “me”—very similar to Cooley’s looking glass self –The “I”—individual and unique part of me, probably in part biological

6. Sociology 1201 Herbert Blumer’s synthesis “Humans act toward a thing on the basis of the meaning they assign to the thing.” “Humans act toward a thing on the basis of the meaning they assign to the thing.” “Meaning are socially derived, which is to say that meaning is not inherent in a state of nature…. Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others.” “Meaning are socially derived, which is to say that meaning is not inherent in a state of nature…. Meaning is negotiated through interaction with others.” “The perception and interpretation of social symbols are modified by the individual’s own thought process.” “The perception and interpretation of social symbols are modified by the individual’s own thought process.”

7. Sociology 1201 Key concepts in the construction of self and society Culture: a design for living passed from one generation to the next Culture: a design for living passed from one generation to the next Norms: rules defining expected situations and appropriate behaviors Norms: rules defining expected situations and appropriate behaviors Socialization: Socialization: –1. the process of learning the norms of your culture –2. the process of learning who you are Families particularly central to this process.

8. Sociology 1201 Sex and gender Sex the biological distinction between male and female Sex the biological distinction between male and female Gender the culturally elaborated distinction between masculine and feminine… differs across culture and across history Gender the culturally elaborated distinction between masculine and feminine… differs across culture and across history Groups: “Because I am a Fe(male) Groups: “Because I am a Fe(male)

9. Sociology 1201 Gender Roles and Contradictions “Betwixt and Between:” Interviews with middle schoolers in a Southeastern city “Betwixt and Between:” Interviews with middle schoolers in a Southeastern city Research question: How Free Are Middle School boys and girls to form identities outside the constraining gender expectations that have traditionally disadvantaged girls in the public sphere and repressed boys from expressing their emotions. Research question: How Free Are Middle School boys and girls to form identities outside the constraining gender expectations that have traditionally disadvantaged girls in the public sphere and repressed boys from expressing their emotions. GROUPS: 2 Discussion Questions GROUPS: 2 Discussion Questions

10. “Tweenagers” What are the implications of that word? Do you think it’s useful? What are the implications of that word? Do you think it’s useful? Do peers become more important as a reference group as we reach that middle school age? Do peers become more important as a reference group as we reach that middle school age? Interviewed 44 middle schoolers who were not yet teens (males and females) Interviewed 44 middle schoolers who were not yet teens (males and females) Sociology 1201

11. Less lattitude for boys Pascoe: “Multiple Masculinities (text, 547) Pascoe: “Multiple Masculinities (text, 547) –“Fag discourse:” primary use (function) of homophobia not to expose potential homosexuals but to police boys behavior Methods of this study: p. 344-46… the only time I will quote at length in talking about the article you were assigned to read… methods particularly significant in sociology Sociology 1201

12. Between Tomboy and Girly-Girl Surprise (to me)… no one volunteered a positive definition of a girly girl …most common phrase ”prissy”— Surprise (to me)… no one volunteered a positive definition of a girly girl …most common phrase ”prissy”— Yes when researchers asked explicitly whether being a girly-girl was a good or bad thing, kids were divided Yes when researchers asked explicitly whether being a girly-girl was a good or bad thing, kids were divided None of the girls identified themselves as exclusivly “girly-girl” None of the girls identified themselves as exclusivly “girly-girl” Sociology 1201

13. Femininity Some kids saw being girly as making a girl popular Some kids saw being girly as making a girl popular The girls, black and white, felt that girls should display some level of femininity The girls, black and white, felt that girls should display some level of femininity Being too much of a tomboy also not a good thing Being too much of a tomboy also not a good thing Variety by race: p. 351-352 Variety by race: p. 351-352 Sociology 1201

14. Policing masculinity Respondents described masculinity in very narrow and uniform ways: spots, competitiveness, video games, rowdiness Respondents described masculinity in very narrow and uniform ways: spots, competitiveness, video games, rowdiness “A boy who is perceived as feminine is subject to much more ridicule than a girl who is seen as either overly masculine or overly feminine.” (Why? What does this mean?) “A boy who is perceived as feminine is subject to much more ridicule than a girl who is seen as either overly masculine or overly feminine.” (Why? What does this mean?) Sociology 1201

15. Policing heterosexuality What if a friend revealed he or she was gay? What if a friend revealed he or she was gay? How would your life change if you woke up one day and found out you were gay? 34 students answered one or both questions… majority very negative (“I would be suicidal”), though also a substantial minority (11) that expressed tolerant views How would your life change if you woke up one day and found out you were gay? 34 students answered one or both questions… majority very negative (“I would be suicidal”), though also a substantial minority (11) that expressed tolerant views Sociology 1201

16. Scenario in which a boy, Marcus, becomes a cheerleader Krista: “People think a male cheerleader is always gay.” Krista: “People think a male cheerleader is always gay.” Dierdre: “If they’d been friends, she wouldn’t stay close friends… If I hang around with him, they’d be like, ‘ew, you’re gay too.” Dierdre: “If they’d been friends, she wouldn’t stay close friends… If I hang around with him, they’d be like, ‘ew, you’re gay too.” Most kids told us their peers severely tease gender nonconformity. Most kids told us their peers severely tease gender nonconformity. Sociology 1201

17. Sexuality and sex roles “One male student told us that if he were gay, he would no longer like sports.” “One male student told us that if he were gay, he would no longer like sports.” Tendency to conflate sexuality and femininity Tendency to conflate sexuality and femininity Some suggestive evidence that if a person actually does embrace a gay identity, he or she is freer to cross gender boundaries and to enjoy activities limited to the other sex. Some suggestive evidence that if a person actually does embrace a gay identity, he or she is freer to cross gender boundaries and to enjoy activities limited to the other sex. Sociology 1201

18. Worse for boys than girls? Jeffrey: No comparable world for boys who act like girls the way tomboy describes girls who act like boys.” Maybe “fruit.” Jeffrey: No comparable world for boys who act like girls the way tomboy describes girls who act like boys.” Maybe “fruit.” Instructor: Is tomboy really a negative? “The stigmatizing of Marcus is in sharp contrast to the hypothetical scenario about Jasmine, the girl who wanted to start a girls’ football team.” Instructor: Is tomboy really a negative? “The stigmatizing of Marcus is in sharp contrast to the hypothetical scenario about Jasmine, the girl who wanted to start a girls’ football team.” Sociology 1201

19. What about Jo? Mallory: “Jo is openly gay and friends with half the seventh grade… though some people hate him.” Mallory: “Jo is openly gay and friends with half the seventh grade… though some people hate him.” “Everybody knows Jo’s going to do something like that (breaking the gender rules), so nobody really cares…” “Everybody knows Jo’s going to do something like that (breaking the gender rules), so nobody really cares…” Openly gay kids not harrassed the same way for gender nonconformity. Openly gay kids not harrassed the same way for gender nonconformity. Sociology 1201

20. People we know vs. hypothetical people “It is notable that all three examples of exempting gays and lesbians from sustained harassment in this study refer to a specific person the respondent knew, whereas the predictions of harassment referred to hypothetical people.” “It is notable that all three examples of exempting gays and lesbians from sustained harassment in this study refer to a specific person the respondent knew, whereas the predictions of harassment referred to hypothetical people.” Sociology 1201

21. Boys vs girls again “Our findings confirm other studies about the narrow confines in which boys need to stay to avoid being teased by their peers.” “Our findings confirm other studies about the narrow confines in which boys need to stay to avoid being teased by their peers.” “What is perhaps more unexepcted is that girls are now stigmatized for displaying some of the traditional markers of femininity.” “What is perhaps more unexepcted is that girls are now stigmatized for displaying some of the traditional markers of femininity.” Sociology 1201

22. Deutsch: “Undoing gender” A concept that thus far applies primarily to girls. See quotes, pp. 358-359 A concept that thus far applies primarily to girls. See quotes, pp. 358-359 Sociology 1201

23. “On the other hand…” “Boys gain no social approval for deviating from traditional definitions of masculinity. Any behavior remotely stereotyped as feminine is intensely policed by other boys and by some girls.” “Boys gain no social approval for deviating from traditional definitions of masculinity. Any behavior remotely stereotyped as feminine is intensely policed by other boys and by some girls.” Last words: “Boys need a feminist revolution of their own.” Sociology 1201

24. What Marriage Means Groups: Discussion questions for chapters 3 and 4 of Promises Groups: Discussion questions for chapters 3 and 4 of Promises –Trajectory: Courtship, birth, and …. --What Marriage Means: a symbolic interactionist analysis Sociology 1201

25. Groups Discussion: Questions from chapters 3 and 4 of Promises I Can Keep Discussion: Questions from chapters 3 and 4 of Promises I Can Keep When you finish, attach the group questions from each member of your group to the group worksheet and turn it in When you finish, attach the group questions from each member of your group to the group worksheet and turn it in