1. Early Europe until 1453 2000 years in a day!!!!!!!!!

2. I. Rome (500bc–500ad)(ish) Roman Republic (500bc – 0) (ish) –Republic < Caesar < Senators < 2 nd Triumvirate < Octavian –Octavian ----> Augustus (1 st emperor)

3. Roman Empire (0 – 500ad) –Early emperors Built up Rome Expanded Empire (strengthened army) Stabilized government Pax Romana –Darker times (200-300ad) Economic/military problems No clear succession

4. –Later Imperial period (delaying the inevitable) Diocletian –Divided the Empire in two (East and West) –Divided the Emperor in four (two for each) –Strengthened the borders –Fought economic problems –Attempted to solve succession problem (…but) Constantine –Came to power through civil war –Legalized Christianity and converted –Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium –Eastern Empire would survive

5. –The Fall of Rome Huns  pushed German tribes into Rome 410 – Rome sacked by Visigoths led by Alaric 476 – last Western Emperor deposed by Odoacer (German)

6. II. The East (Part 1) The City –Byzantium became Eastern Roman capital (Constantine) –Built up like Rome (forum, temples, etc.) –After fall of the West, becomes center of Eastern (Byzantine) Empire –Name changed to Constantinople

7. Religion –Eastern Orthodox –Patriarch  head of church gov’t. –Emperor  head of gov’t., leader/symbol of church –Developed independently from Roman Christianity

8. Justinian –Code of Laws (Roman) –Tried to recapture West –Hagia Sophia

9. III. Islam 622 – Muslim calendar begins with Muhammad’s Hijrah to Medina New, monotheistic religion sweeps through the Arabian peninsula Islam will quickly expand to all parts of the Middle East, Northern Africa, Spain, and Southeast Europe

10. Battle of Tours (732) - Charles Martel stops spread of Islam into Western EuropeBattle of Tours (732) - Charles Martel stops spread of Islam into Western Europe Byzantine Empire resists spread of Islam into Eastern EuropeByzantine Empire resists spread of Islam into Eastern Europe

11. IV. The East (Part 2) Byzantines decline –Inefficient government –Attacks from without (especially Turks) –1071 – lost battle at Manzikert to Seljuk Turks Asked for help against Muslims from Western Christians 1095 – First Crusade begins

12. The City (again) –1204 – sacked by Crusaders from the West (4 th Crusade) –1261 – Byzantines finally retake the city –1453 – Mehmet the Conqueror takes Constantinople

13. V. The West German Kingdoms take over –Anglo-Saxons –Franks Clovis becomes first German king to convert to Christianity Merovingians prosper in Roman Gaul (France) Lay groundwork for Carolingians

14. Carolingian Renaissance –Pippin the short becomes King of the Franks –His son, Charles, expands the kingdom Renamed “the Great” (Charlemagne) Supported learning –Built schools –Revived Roman ideas 800 – crowned Emperor of the Romans Kingdom becomes Holy Roman Empire

15. Feudalism –System based on land ownership –Large landowners (Lords) divide their land among loyal men (vassals) –Vassals at lower levels known as knights (military troops) –Land was worked by commoners (serfs and free peasants) –System provided security and food in exchange for loyalty and work

16. High Middle Ages –Life organized around small farms (manorialism) Manor house surrounded by fields, peasant homes, and basic services People rarely left the manor or surrounding area Most felt connected to their manner as opposed to any idea of “country” or “nation”

17. –Urban life renewed as towns begin to re- emerge Many towns had walls for protection –English: borough, German: burg –Town dwellers known as burghers or bourgeoisie Northern towns centered on manufacturing (guilds) Italian towns centered on trade –East-west trade –City-states formed

18. Regaining the past –First universities formed (11 th -13 th C) –Scholasticism Blend Classical reason with Christian Faith St. Thomas Aquinas Based in monasteries and cathedral schools

19. Rise of States –England William the Conqueror – 1066 (French) Magna Carta – 1215 –King John forced to cede power to nobles –Edward I - Parliament formed 75 years later –France Capetians centralized rule by maintaining their line France develops into most centralized state in Europe

20. Hundred Years War –Since William (1066), English King had held title to large chunk of France –End of Capetian dynasty creates opportunity for English king to press his claim –War ensues –After much struggle, France is finally victorious (Joan d’Arc)

21. Church vs. State –Papal supremacy As Christ Vicar, Pope is ultimate authority on earth Claim weakened by political struggles, land ownership –Temporal supremacy As protector of the Church, Holy Roman Emperor believed he had ultimate authority Investiture controversy weakened both parties