1. The American Nation Chapter 9 Launching the New Government, 1789–1800 Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

2. The American Nation Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Section 1: Washington Takes Office Section 2: Creating a Foreign Policy Section 3: Political Parties Emerge Section 4: The Second President Chapter 9: Launching the New Government, 1789–1800

3. Chapter 9, Section 3 Political Parties Emerge Why did many Americans distrust the idea of political parties? How did the views of Hamilton and Jefferson differ? Why did political parties develop? How did the election of 1796 increase political tensions?

4. Many Americans Distrusted Political Parties Americans had seen how factions, or opposing groups within parties, worked in Britain. Members of factions were often more interested in personal gain than in public good. Political parties could be a threat to national unity. Washington warned that political parties would lead to “jealousies and false alarms.” Chapter 9, Section 3

5. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson IssueHamilton’s ViewsJefferson’s Views Manufacturing or farming Thought the government should encourage manufacturing and trade. Favored cities and merchants. Thought farmers were the backbone of the nation. Feared manufacturing would concentrate power in the hands of a few wealthy Americans. Federal or state power Federal government should have greater power than state governments. A strong federal government would increase commerce and keep the peace. A small federal government would protect individual freedom. A strong federal government might take over powers the Constitution gave to the states. Chapter 9, Section 3

6. The Views of Hamilton and Jefferson IssueHamilton’s ViewsJefferson’s Views Strict or loose interpretation of the Constitution Preferred a loose interpretation of the Constitution. Believed the Constitution gave Congress the power to make all laws “necessary and proper” to carry out its duties. The Bank of the United States was necessary. Preferred a strict interpretation. Any power not specifically given to the federal government belonged to the states. The Bank of the United States was unconstitutional, or not permitted by the Constitution. Britain or FranceWanted close ties with Britain. Wanted close ties with France. Chapter 9, Section 3

7. Why Political Parties Developed Jefferson and James Madison decided to organize supporters of their views. They met with leading New York politicians to aske them to help defeat Hamilton’s program. Leaders in other states organized to support either Hamilton or Jefferson. Jefferson’s supporters called themselves Democratic Republicans. Hamilton’s supporters were called Federalists. Chapter 9, Section 3

8. The two political parties took part in the election of 1796. -Federalist John Adams became President; Democratic-Republican leader Thomas Jefferson became Vice-President. Having the President and Vice-President from opposing parties further increased political tensions. Why Political Parties Developed Chapter 9, Section 3

9. Why Political Parties Developed Chapter 9, Section 3 FederalistsRepublicansvs. Were led by Alexander Hamilton Believed wealthy and well educated should lead nation Favored strong central government Emphasized manufacturing, shipping, and trade Favored loose interpretation of Constitution Were pro-British Favored national bank Favored protective tariff Were led by Thomas Jefferson Believed people should have political power Favored strong state governments Emphasized agriculture Favored strict interpretation of Constitution Were pro-French Opposed national bank Opposed protective tariff

10. The Election of 1796 Republican CandidatesFederalist Candidatesvs. Thomas Jefferson for President Aaron Burr for Vice President John Adams for President Thomas Pinckney for Vice President The Winners John Adams for President Thomas Jefferson for Vice President Chapter 9, Section 3

11. Section 3 Assessment One issue the first political parties clashed over was a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments. b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders. c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire. d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional. In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the election of 1796 was that a) the votes had to be counted twice. b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same ticket. c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same. d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 9, Section 3

12. Section 3 Assessment One issue the first political parties clashed over was a) which should be stronger—the central government or the state governments. b) whether the United States should expand beyond its original borders. c) whether George Washington should be permitted to retire. d) whether the Supreme Court should be allowed to declare laws unconstitutional. In 1796, the person with the most votes became President, and the person with the second highest number of votes became Vice President. One problem this caused in the election of 1796 was that a) the votes had to be counted twice. b) candidates for President and Vice President had to run together on the same ticket. c) the views of the opposing candidates were the same. d) the people chosen as President and Vice President were from opposing parties. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 9, Section 3

13. Chapter 9, Section 4 The Second President How did John Adams handle the conflict with France? Why did the Federalist party split? How did the Alien and Sedition acts raise the issue of the rights of states? What role did Congress play in the election of 1800?

14. John Adams and the Conflict With France France objected to Jay’s Treaty. The French said it favored Britain. French ships began to seize American ships. Adams sent diplomats to Paris to discuss the rights of neutral nations. The French foreign minister sent three agents to offer the Americans a deal. The agents asked for a $250,000 bribe and a $10 million loan to France before they would talk. Adams told Congress. Because he called the French agents X, Y, and Z, the incident became known as the XYZ Affair. The country would not pay the bribe, but Adams refused to ask Congress to declare war on France. Instead, Adams strengthened the navy by building frigates, fast-sailing ships with many guns. Chapter 9, Section 4

15. The Federalist Party Splits Hamilton and his Federalist supporters wanted a war with France. War with France would weaken the Republican party. War would force the United States to build up its military forces. This would increase federal power. Adams and his Federalist supporters wanted to avoid war with France. Adams wanted to keep the country out of European affairs. He sent American diplomats to France. The new French leader agreed to stop seizing American ships. Chapter 9, Section 4

16. The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights Alien Act The President could expel any alien thought to be dangerous to the country. The number of years immigrants had to wait to become citizens was raised from 5 to 14. Sedition Act Sedition means stirring up rebellion against a government. Under this law, citizens could be fined or jailed for criticizing the government or its officials. During the crisis with France, Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition acts. Chapter 9, Section 4

17. The Alien and Sedition Acts and States’ Rights Kentucky and Virginia resolutions These resolutions claimed that each state “has an equal right to judge for itself” whether a law is constitutional. If a state decides a law is unconstitutional, the state can nullify that law within its borders. These resolutions raised the issue of states’ rights. Does the federal government have only those powers listed in the Constitution? If so, the states possess all other powers. Jefferson and the Republicans opposed the Alien and Sedition acts. Jefferson argued that states had the right to nullify, or cancel, a law passed by the federal government. Kentucky and Virginia passed resolutions supporting Jefferson’s view. Chapter 9, Section 4

18. Congress and the Election of 1800 Republicans backed Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President. Federalists supported John Adams. Republicans won the popular vote. In the electoral college, Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes. The election went to the House of Representatives to decide. After four days and 36 votes, the House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. Chapter 9, Section 4

19. Section 4 Assessment Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition acts, which said that a)American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents. b)foreigners could never become citizens. c)under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the government. d)citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials. The issue of states’ rights raises questions about a)whether the federal government should have a strong military force. b)the President’s power to expel aliens. c)whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions. d)which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to the states. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 9, Section 4

20. Section 4 Assessment Federalists angered the Republicans when they passed the Alien and Sedition acts, which said that a)American diplomats could not pay bribes to foreign agents. b)foreigners could never become citizens. c)under certain circumstances, citizens could rebel against the government. d)citizens could be jailed for criticizing the government or its officials. The issue of states’ rights raises questions about a)whether the federal government should have a strong military force. b)the President’s power to expel aliens. c)whether Kentucky and Virginia had the right to pass resolutions. d)which powers belong to the federal government and which belong to the states. Want to connect to the American Nation link for this section? Click here.Click here. Chapter 9, Section 4