1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings An Introduction to Articulations  Articulations  Body movement occurs at joints (articulations) where two bones connect  Joint Structure  Determines direction and distance of movement (range of motion)  Joint strength decreases as mobility increases

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Two methods of classification  Functional classification is based on range of motion of the joint  Structural classification relies on the anatomical organization of the joint

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synarthrosis (immovable joint)  No movement  Fibrous or cartilaginous connections  May fuse over time  Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable joint)  Little movement  Fibrous or cartilaginous connections  Diarthrosis (freely movable joint)  More movement  Also called synovial joints  Subdivided by type of motion

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synarthroses (immovable joints)  Are very strong  Edges of bones may touch or interlock  Four types of synarthrotic joints: –suture –gomphosis –synchondrosis –synostosis

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Synarthrotic Joints  Suture  Bones interlocked  Are bound by dense fibrous connective tissue  Are found only in skull  Gomphosis  Fibrous connection (periodontal ligament)  Binds teeth to sockets

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Synarthrotic Joints  Synchondrosis  Is a rigid cartilaginous bridge between two bones: –epiphyseal cartilage of long bones –between vertebrosternal ribs and sternum  Synostosis  Fused bones, immovable: –metopic suture of skull –epiphyseal lines of long bones

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Amphiarthroses  More movable than synarthrosis  Stronger than freely movable joint  Two types of amphiarthroses –syndesmosis: »bones connected by ligaments –symphysis: »bones separated by fibrous cartilage

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Classification of Joints  Functional Classifications  Synovial joints (diarthroses)  Also called movable joints  At ends of long bones  Within articular capsules  Lined with synovial membrane

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Articular cartilages  Pad articulating surfaces within articular capsules: –prevent bones from touching  Smooth surfaces lubricated by synovial fluid: –reduce friction

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Synovial fluid  Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts  Functions of synovial fluid: –lubrication –nutrient distribution –shock absorption

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Accessory structures  Cartilages: –cushion the joint: »Fibrous cartilage pad called a meniscus (articular disc)  Fat pads: –superficial to the joint capsule –protect articular cartilages  Ligaments: –support, strengthen joints –sprain: ligaments with torn collagen fibers

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Components of Synovial Joints  Accessory structures  Tendons: –attach to muscles around joint –help support joint  Bursae: –pockets of synovial fluid –cushion areas where tendons or ligaments rub

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Factors That Stabilize Synovial Joints  Prevent injury by limiting range of motion  Collagen fibers (joint capsule, ligaments)  Articulating surfaces and menisci  Other bones, muscles, or fat pads  Tendons of articulating bones

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints [INSERT FIG. 9.1a] Figure 9–1a The Structure of a Synovial Joint.

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints Figure 9–1b The Structure of a Synovial Joint.

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Synovial Joints  Injuries  Dislocation (luxation)  Articulating surfaces forced out of position  Damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule  Subluxation  A partial dislocation

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Dynamic Motion  Linear motion (gliding)  Angular motion  Rotation  Planes (Axes) of Dynamic Motion  Monaxial (1 axis)  Biaxial (2 axes)  Triaxial (3 axes)

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–2 A Simple Model of Articular Motion.

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Terms describe  Plane or direction of motion  Relationship between structures

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Linear motion  Also called gliding  Two surfaces slide past each other: –between carpal or tarsal bones

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Angular Motion  Flexion  Angular motion  Anterior–posterior plane  Reduces angle between elements  Extension  Angular motion  Anterior–posterior plane  Increases angle between elements

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Angular Motion  Hyperextension  Angular motion  Extension past anatomical position Angular Movements

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–3a Angular Movements.

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Angular Motion  Abduction  Angular motion  Frontal plane  Moves away from longitudinal axis  Adduction  Angular motion  Frontal plane  Moves toward longitudinal axis

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.

29. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Angular Motion  Circumduction  Circular motion without rotation  Angular motion

30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–3 Angular Movements.

31. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Movement at Synovial Joints  Rotation  Direction of rotation from anatomical position  Relative to longitudinal axis of body  Left or right rotation  Medial rotation (inward rotation): –rotates toward axis  Lateral rotation (outward rotation): –rotates away from axis

32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–4a Rotational Movements.

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Rotation  Pronation: –rotates forearm, radius over ulna  Supination: –forearm in anatomical position

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–4b Rotational Movements.

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Types of Movements at Synovial Joints  Special movements  Inversion: –twists sole of foot medially  Eversion: –twists sole of foot laterally  Dorsiflexion: –flexion at ankle (lifting toes)  Plantar flexion: –extension at ankle (pointing toes)

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Special Movements at Synovial Joints  Opposition  Thumb movement toward fingers or palm (grasping)  Protraction  Moves anteriorly  In the horizontal plane (pushing forward)  Retraction  Opposite of protraction  Moving anteriorly (pulling back)

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Special Movements at Synovial Joints  Elevation  Moves in superior direction (up)  Depression  Moves in inferior direction (down)  Lateral flexion  Bends vertebral column from side to side

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements.

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–5 Special Movements.

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Classification of Synovial Joints by Shape  Gliding  Hinge  Pivot  Ellipsoid  Saddle  Ball-and-socket A Functional Classification of Synovial Joints

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Gliding Joints  Flattened or slightly curved faces  Limited motion (nonaxial)  Hinge Joints  Angular motion in a single plane (monaxial)  Pivot Joints  Rotation only (monaxial)

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  Ellipsoid Joints  Oval articular face within a depression  Motion in two planes (biaxial)  Saddle Joints  Two concave, straddled (biaxial)  Ball-and-Socket Joints  Round articular face in a depression (triaxial)

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements Figure 9–6 Movements at Synovial Joints.

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Movements  A joint cannot be both mobile and strong  The greater the mobility, the weaker the joint  Mobile joints are supported by muscles and ligaments, not bone-to-bone connections

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Intervertebral Articulations  Damage to Intervertebral Discs  Slipped disc  Bulge in anulus fibrosus  Invades vertebral canal  Herniated disc  Nucleus pulposus breaks through anulus fibrosus  Presses on spinal cord or nerves

47. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8a Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.

48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Intervertebral Articulations Figure 9–8b Damage to the Intervertebral Discs.

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Intervertebral Articulations  Movements of the Vertebral Column  Flexion  Bends anteriorly  Extension  Bends posteriorly  Lateral flexion  Bends laterally  Rotation  Turning

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aging  Rheumatism  A pain and stiffness of skeletal and muscular systems  Arthritis  All forms of rheumatism that damage articular cartilages of synovial joints  Osteoarthritis  Caused by wear and tear of joint surfaces, or genetic factors affecting collagen formation  Generally in people over age 60

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aging  Rheumatoid Arthritis  An inflammatory condition  Caused by infection, allergy, or autoimmune disease  Involves the immune system  Gouty Arthritis  Occurs when crystals (uric acid or calcium salts)  Form within synovial fluid  Due to metabolic disorders

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Aging  Joint Immobilization  Reduces flow of synovial fluid  Can cause arthritis symptoms  Treated by continuous passive motion (therapy)  Bones and Aging  Bone mass decreases  Bones weaken  Increases risk of hip fracture, hip dislocation, or pelvic fracture

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Integration with Other Systems  Bone Recycling  Living bones maintain equilibrium between  Bone building (osteoblasts)  And breakdown (osteoclasts)  Factors Affecting Bone Strength  Age  Physical stress  Hormone levels  Calcium and phosphorus uptake and excretion  Genetic and environmental factors

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Integration with Other Systems  Bones Support Body Systems  The skeletal system  Supports and protects other systems  Stores fat, calcium, and phosphorus  Manufactures cells for immune system  Disorders in other body systems can cause  Bone tumors  Osteoporosis  Arthritis  Rickets (vitamin D deficiency)