1. Articulations / Joints

2. Joints - Articulations
Where 2 bones meet. Classified by degree of motion (functional) and major connective tissue types that bind the bones together (structural)
Fibrous joints – united by fibrous tissue and has little to no movement. Example – Sutures, gomphosis (teeth), syndesmosis –tibia / fibula distal articulation
Cartilaginous joints – united by cartilage. Only slight movement. Synchondrosis – epiphyseal plate, Symphysis - pubic
Synovial joint – freely moveable contains synovial fluid in a cavity surrounding bones. Examples – shoulder, knee

3. Function classification
Synarthrosis – immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable
Diarthrosis – freely movable.
-sis is replaced with –ses for the plural form

4. Capsular nature of a synovial joint
Cavity (synovial joint) enclosed by a capsule (2 layers)
Fibrous cartilage – dense irregular, encloses cavity
Ligaments – connects bone to bone
Tendons – connect muscles to bone
Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilage at ends of bones
Synovial membranes –areolar, produced synovial fluid for lubrication, nutrients, and metabolic waste removal

5. Capsular nature of a synovial joint
Articular disc / meniscus – pads of fibrocartilage that lie between the articular surfaces of the bones (lateral and medial)
Bursae – closed sacs, with a synovial lining. Subcutaneous (patella), subfascial – between muscles, Subtendinous – tendon and process or tendon

6. Synovial joint

7. The knee joint Patellar ligament – patella to tibia, anterior
Oblique popliteal ligament - posterior surface
Acruate popliteal ligament – lower later post.
Medial collateral ligament – medial (inside)
Lateral collateral ligament – lateral (outside)
Anterior cruciate ligament – tibia, post and laterally to the femur, 70% serious injury
Posterior cruciate ligament – tibia, anterior and medial to the femur
(menisci, bursae)

8. Knee joint

9. Synovial joints Joint Description Example Planar
Flat or slightly curved
Wrist, ankle
Hinge
convex one concave other
elbow, knee
Ball and Socket
ball one socket other
shoulder, hip
Saddle
2 saddle at right angles
thumb, wrist
Pivot
Rotation on axis
head (no)
Condyloid
Convex oval projection in a concave oval fossa
Metacarpal, phalanges

10. Major joint movement Flexion – decrease in the angle
Extension – increase in the angle
Hyperextension – extension beyond position
Abduction – away from midline
Adduction – toward midline
Pronation – palm down
Supination – palm up
Eversion – foot out
Inversion – foot in
Dorsiflexion – foot up
Plantar flexion – foot down

11. Major joint movement con’t
Rotation – turn around long bone axis
Protraction – structure glides to anterior (front)
Retraction – structure glides to posterior (back)
Elevation – move structure superior (up)
Depression – move structure inferior (down)
Excursion – move one side to another
Opposition – move of thumb to pinky
Reposition – return thumb / pinky to normal
Circumduction – arm / hip circles

12. Aging and joints Decreased synovial fluid
Articular cartilage thins (glucosamine chondroitin / shark cartilage)
Ligaments shorten and lose flexibility
Degenerative changes in vertebral column, hunched – over posture
Stretching and aerobic exercise that help with range of motion, help to minimize aging effects

13. Joint Disorders Bursitis – inflammation of bursa (elbow and shoulder)
Arthritis – inflammation of the whole joint
Rheumatoid arthritis – connective tissue disorder (excess growth) with severe inflammation of small joints
Rheumatic fever – bacterial (strep) infection that causes RA if left undetected.
Fibrositis – inflammation of fibrous connective tissue in a joint; “rheumatism,” lumbago – lower back
Osteoarthritis – Degenerative joint, elderly, weight – bearing joints

14. Joint disorders continued
Gout – uric acid crystals in joint at large toe base
Sprain – twisting tears ligaments (ankles and wrists)
Strain – stretched or partially torn muscle
Slipped Disk – intervertebral disk protrudes or moves out of place, pressure on nerve
Dislocation – temporary displaced bone
Cumulative trauma disorder – ongoing “repetitive” or overuse damage to soft tissue. Carpal tunnel- medial nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel