1. Age of Exploration

2. Causes “God, glory, and gold”
Rise of “new” monarchies resulted in competition
Search for new knowledge
Improved navigation technology
Commercial Revolution
Religious desire

3. Advancements in Technology
Advances in astronomy
Instruments
Magnetic compass
Latitude
Quadrant
Mariner’s astrolabe
Cross staff

4. Ships Portuguese caravel Lateen sail and rope rigging Axial rudder
Lighter, faster ship suited for exploration along African Coast
Could sail into the wind
Lateen sail and rope rigging
Quickly maneuver to take advantage of wind
Axial rudder
Improved mobility

5. Portugal Motives for exploration Economic – all water route to Asia
Religious – looking for help against Muslims

6. Prince Henry the Navigator
Financed numerous expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold

7. Bartholomew Dias
Rounded the southern tip of Africa in 1488

8. Vasco da Gama
Followed Dias route and completed all water travel to India in 1498
Brought back Indian goods creating a huge demand
This hurt the Italian monopoly trade with Asia

9. Amerigo Vespucci 1454-1512 Explored Brazil
“America” named after him after he falsely proclaimed he was first to sight new land (Cabral actually was first)

10. Portugal’s colonies Brazil
Administrative structure similar to that of Spain in the New World
In the 17th century, large numbers of slaves from Africa were brought to help import
Significant racial mixture between whites, Amerindians, and blacks resulted

11. Christopher Columbus (Spain)
Ferdinand and Isabella financed voyages
1492, reached the Bahamas, believing he had reached the “Indies”
His four expeditions charted most of the major islands in the Caribbean
His expeditions ushered in an era of European exploration and domination of the New World

12. Bartholomew de las Casas
A Brief account of the destruction of the Indies
Publically criticized Columbus on his treatment of Amerindians
Spread “black legend” in Protestant countries where Spain was accused of using Christianity ostensibly killing natives
England was just as guilty

13. Treaty of Tordesillas
1494
Spain sought to secure Columbus’ discoveries
New world divided
Portugal
Brazil and claims in Africa
Spain
Rest of Americas

14. Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Discovered Pacific Ocean in 1513

15. Ferdinand Magellan
His ship was the first to circumnavigate the globe
Was killed in Philippines by natives

17. Conquistadores Hernando do Cortes Francisco Pizarro 1485-1547
Conquered Aztecs in Mesoamerica by 1521
Francisco Pizarro
Conquered Inca Empire along with Andes Mountains in 1532

18. “Golden Age of Spain” “New Imperialism”
Colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country
Mining gold and silver very important
1/5th of findings went to crown
Goods shipped to Americas and did not allow for natives to form industries (no competition)

19. Encomienda System
Why?
Spanish government sought to reduce the savage exploitation of Amerindians in the Spanish Empire
Laws against exploitation was poorly enforced

20. Encomienda System
Amerindians worked for an owner certain days, and for themselves others
Spain’s ability to utilize labor was major reason why the Spanish Empire imported few slaves from Africa
Mestizos
Spaniards married Amerindian women creating mixed descent
Creoles
Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents

21. “Old Imperialism” Africa and Asia
Characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions
This was complete opposite of “New Imperialism”
Entire nations were conquered and exploited

22. Portugal Trading Posts
By 1495, Portugal had established forts and posts along the Guinea Coast
Da Gama set up trading posts in India

23. Alphonso d’ Albuquerque
Laid foundation for Portuguese imperialism
Established strategy of making coastal regions a base to control the Indian Ocean
Did not seek to create an empire by penetrating inland
Established an empire in Spice Island after 1510

24. Francis Xavier
Led Jesuit missionaries to Asia where by 1550, thousands of natives had been converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia, and Japan

25. Dutch Republic Dutch East India Company
Founded in 1602 and became force behind Dutch imperialism
Expelled Portuguese from Ceylon and other Spice Islands
By 1650, began challenging Spain in the New World and controlled much of the American and African trade

26. France Jacques Cartier Quebec 1491-1557
In search of a Northwest Passage, he explored the St. Lawrence River region of Canada
Quebec
France’s first settlement in the New World, not founded until 1608

27. England Came into exploration relatively late John Cabot 1425-1500
Explored northeast coast of North America
Henry VII not interested in colonization since no gold or silver was found

28. England Jamestown (Virginia)
First permanent settlement, English
Founded 1607
Tens of thousands of Englishmen came to the eastern coast of North America in the 17th and 18th century
Far more then France, Spain, and Portugal