1. History of Healthcare
Objectives: You Will Be Able to Identify at Least 10 Discoveries/inventions in Health Care and Describe Several Advances in Different Time Periods

2. Question
How many of you have ever been in the hospital and had an IV? (Put your head down)
How many of you were born by c-section?(Put your head down)
How many of you have taken antibiotics?(Put your head down)
Now look around, if this had been 100 years ago, chances are that at least ½ of you would have died!

3. Advances in Healthcare
Due to advances in medicine and technology in healthcare we can now treat many of the diseases that formerly would have been fatal.
We are going to study advances that have occurred since primitive man. Understanding the hardships that went along with the discoveries can help us appreciate the advances in healthcare in the past 5000 years!

4. Early Beginnings
Primitive Man

5. What Was It Like? No electricity, few tools, and poor shelter
Time was spent protecting themselves against predators and finding food
They were superstitious, they believed in witch doctors
They used herbs and plants as medicines, some are still used today!!!!

6. Medicines
Digitalis – from foxglove plant – used to strengthen and slow the heartbeat
Quinine – from the bark of the cinchona tree – controls fever, muscle spasms and helps malaria
Belladonna & atropine – made from the poisonous nightshade plant – they relieve muscle spasms, especially in GI pain

7. More Early Medicines
Morphine – made from the opium poppy – relieves severe pain and is addicting

8. Ancient Times
Egyptians

9. What Did They Do? They kept accurate records They were superstitious
They learned to identify certain diseases, used medicines to heal disease
They used the art of splinting fractures

10. Chinese

11. What did they do?
They did not believe in dissection of the body, so this limited what they could learn
They believed in treating the whole body by curing the spirit, this was early “holistic care”
Holistic care is treating the mind, body and soul, this is the trend in today’s healthcare

12. Ancient Times
Greeks

13. What Did They Do? First to study the cause of disease
Kept records on what they observed
Importance of searching for new information about disease which helped eliminate superstition
Observed and measured the effects of disease
Discovered that disease was caused by lack of sanitation

14. Ancient Times
Romans

15. What Did They Do?
Learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system
Brought clean water into their cities by aquaducts
Built sewers to carry off waste
Built public baths with filtering systems(this was the beginning of public health and sanitation)

16. Romans continued
First to organize medical care – they sent medical equipment and physicians with their armies to care for the wounded soldiers
Roman doctors kept a room in their homes for the ill (beginning of hospitals)
Public buildings for the care of the sick were established

17. Hippocrates
The Father of Medicine

18. Hippocrates 479 – 377 BC
Dissection was not allowed during this time period due to religious beliefs
Hippocrates based his knowledge of the human body on observations of the external body
He kept careful note on signs and symptoms of diseases
He wrote the standard of ethics known as the “oath of Hippocrates” which is still the basis for medical ethics today. Many graduating doctors recite a version of this oath at graduation

19. Dark Ages (AD 400-800) & Middle Ages (AD 800-1400)

20. What Happened to Healthcare?
The roman empire was conquered by barbarians from the north, the study of medical science stopped
Medicine was practiced in convents and monasteries as basic care for the sick and dying
Epidemics caused millions of deaths

21. Epidemics
Bubonic plague or Black Death (bacterial infection caused by flea infested rats that carried the bacteria)
Smallpox (virus transmitted only by humans)
Diptheria ( bacterial infection)
Syphilis (Bacterial STD)
Tuberculosis (bacterial infection)
None of these had any vaccinations discovered during this period

22. The Rebirth of Learning
Renaissance (AD 1350 – 1650)
The Rebirth of Learning

23. What happened then?
They started building universities and medical schools for research
They accepted dissection of the body for study (Leonardo da Vinci studied and recorded the anatomy of the human body during dissections to paint the human body more true to form)
They invented the printing press and began to publish books

24. The Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries

25. Apothecaries
These were early pharmacists, they made , prescribed and sold medicines

26. Important People
William Harvey – described the circulation of blood and pumping of the heart
Gabriello Fallopious – discovered the fallopian tubes
Bartolommeo Eustachus – discovered the tube leading from the ear to the throat (eustachian tube)
Anton van Leewenhook – invented the microscope

27. Eighteenth Century
A New Way of Teaching Medicine – Students Not Only Learned in Classrooms , but at the Patient’s Bedside

28. New Discoveries
Rene Laennec – invented the stethoscope (made out of wood)
Joseph Priestly – discovered the element oxygen
Benjamin Franklin – invented bifocals and discovered that colds could be passed from person to person
Edward Jenner – discovered a method of vaccination for smallpox
Gabriel Fahrenheit - invented the 1st mercury thermometer

29. Organized advancement of medical science
19th and 20th centuries
Organized advancement of medical science

30. Important Discoveries & Inventions
Ignaz Semmelweiss – established that handwashing with chlorinated water was effective in protecting against the spread of disease
Louis Pasteur – discovered that microorganisms were everywhere and that they caused disease, he created pasteurization, he developed a vaccine for rabies

31. Inventions and Discoveries
Joseph Lister – he began to use carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs and prevent infections, he became the first doctor to use antiseptics during surgery
Ernst von Bergmann – Developed asepsis
Robert Koch – known as “Father of Microbiology” discovered many disease causing organisms
Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered x-rays in 1895

32. More Inventions and Discoveries
Paul Ehrlich – discovered the effects of medicine on germs, discovered a treatment for syphilis after 605 experiments
Gerhard Domagk – discovered sulphonamide drugs
Ivanovski – Russian scientist who discovered that some microorganisms were too small to be seen with a regular microscope, he called them viruses

33. Even More Discoveries
Sigmund Freud – discovered that the mind has a conscious and unconscious realm, his studies are the basis for psychology and psychiatry
1928 Alexander Fleming – discovered penicillin
Jonas Salk – discovered a vaccine against the polio virus

34. 19th Century Advances
Anesthesia was introduced by using ether, nitrous oxide(laughing gas) and chloroform
1st successful blood transfusion in 1818
Elizabeth Blackwell was the 1st female physician in the U.S. in 1849
Florence Nightingale was the founder of modern nursing, she began professional education for nurses.

35. 19th Century Advances
American Red Cross was founded by Clara Barton in 1881
The average life expectancy went up

36. 20th Century
The most advances in healthcare were made in the this century!
Development of health insurance plans
Home Health began for rural Kentuckians in 1925
The heart lung bypass machine was used for open heart surgery in 1953
The first successful kidney transplant in 1954

37. 20th century Medicare and Medicaid started in 1965
1st heart transplant in 1968
CAT scan invented in 1975
InVitro fertilization (test tube baby) 1975
AIDS identified in 1981
HIV was discovered as the cause of AIDS in 1984
Sheep cloned in 1997

38. 21st Century – The Future
What’s next?

39. 21st century Stem cell research
New medications to prolong the lives of patients with HIV
New medications for Stroke and Heart attack patients
More research on the artificial heart
Complex separations of conjoined twins

40. What’s next? Human cloning? A cure for AIDS? A cure for cancer?
Drugs that slow the aging process?
Transplant of the brain?
Regeneration of nerves in paralyzed patients?
New antibiotics that are resistant proof?

41. Assignment
Choose one advancement in healthcare you feel was most important, research it and write a summary on the facts and why you feel it was important.