1. The History of Health Care
Principles of Health Science

2. Objectives
Historical facts and events are significant in understanding the health care industry.
Survey and research the historical significance of health care
Identify key events in the history of health care
Recognize people in history who have impacted the health care industry and their contributions to it.

3. Historical Times in Medicine
Ancient Medicine
Egyptian Medicine
Jewish Medicine
Greek Medicine
Roman Medicine
Dark and Middle Ages
Renaissance Medicine
16th, 17th, 18th , 19th and 20th Century Medicine
21st Century (Now)

4. Ancient Times 4000BC-3000BC
Humans had to protect themselves from injury against predators
Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits
Exorcise evil spirits
Life Span was age 20
Herbs and plants were used as medicine
Example Morphine from opium poppy
relieves severe pain

5. Egyptians Earliest to keep accurate health records Superstitious
Called upon gods
Identified certain diseases
Pharaohs kept many specialists (doctors)

6. Egyptians Priests were the doctors
Temples were places of worship, medical schools, and hospitals
Only the priests could read the medical knowledge from the god Thoth
Magicians were also healers
Believed demons caused disease

7. Egyptians Some medical practices still used today Enemas
Circumcision (4000 BC) preceded marriage
Closing wounds
Setting fractures

8. Egyptians Eye of Horus 5000 years ago Magic eye
good luck charm to guard against disease, suffering, and evil
History: Horus lost vision in attack by Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help; eye restored
Evolved into modern day Rx sign

9. Jewish Medicine
Concentrated on health rules for food, cleanliness, and quarantine.
Biblical Times: Moses studied hygiene and medicine at the temple of Egypt.
Moses banned quackery (trickery) because God was the only physician. Thought of the “day of rest” was best for human welfare.

10. Greek Medicine First to study causes of diseases
Research helped eliminate superstitions
Sanitary practices were associated
with the spread of disease
Hippocrates-Father of Medicine
no dissection, only observations
took careful notes of signs/symptoms of diseases
disease was not caused by supernatural forces
wrote standards of ethics which is the basis for today’s medical ethics (Hippocratic Oath)

11. Greek Medicine
Aesculapius: staff and serpent symbol of medicine; temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals
Caduceus-staff and serpent symbol of medicine

12. Roman Medicine Developed a sanitation system, flood control
beginning of public health
public baths, public hygiene
first to organize medical care and army medicine
room in doctor's house became first hospital
solid construction of homes

13. Dark Ages (400-800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800-1400 A.D.)
Medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries
Life and death in God’s hands
Realization that diseases are contagious
Terrible epidemics
Bubonic plague (Black Death)
Small pox
Diphtheria
Syphilis
Measles
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis

14. Renaissance Medicine (1350-1650 A.D.)
Universities and medical schools for research
Dissection
Book publishing

15. 16th & 17th Century
Leonardo da Vinci
anatomy of the body

16. 16th and 17th Century Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676) invented microscope
observed microorganisms

17. 16th & 17th Century William Harvey Gabriele Fallopian
circulation of blood
Gabriele Fallopian
discovered fallopian tube
Bartholomew Eustachus
discovered the Eustachian tube

18. 18th Century Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
found that colds could be passed from person to person
Laennec
invented the stethoscope

19. 19th & 20th Century Louis Pasteur (1860 –1895)
discovered that microorganisms cause disease (germ theory of communicable disease)
Joseph Lister
first doctor to use antiseptic during surgery

20. 19th & 20th Century Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays
Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin
Also Anesthesia was discovered
nitrous oxide, ether, chloroform

21. 19th and 20th Century
Robert Koch: Father of Microbiology; specific germ causes specific disease; identified germ causing TB (in 1880's it killed 1 out of 7)

22. 19th and 20th Century
Dmitri Ivanoski: discovered viruses i.e. poliomyelitis, rabies, measles, influenza, Chickenpox, German measles, herpes zoster, mumps

23. 19th and 20th Century
Jonas Salk: discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio

24. 1900 to 1945
Acute infectious diseases (diphtheria, TB, rheumatic fever)
No antibiotics,
Hospitals were places to die
Most doctors were general practitioners

25. 1945 to 1975 Immunization common New health hazards obesity
antibiotic cures
phobias
safer surgery
lung cancer
Transplants
hypertension
increased lifespan
collapsing families
chronic degenerative diseases
greatly increasing medical costs

26. 1975 to now AIDS HIV MRI’s Open heart surgery Life Span longer
Moderate to Severe Obesity
Diabetes
Poor Diets

27. That’s it!