1. Chapter 12
Reconstruction 16 17 18 19

2. 40-50% of all livestock killed 50% of all farm machinery destroyed
The South Destroyed
2/3 of all wealth in Confederate states gone (much in the value of former slaves, $3 Billion)
40-50% of all livestock killed
50% of all farm machinery destroyed
Infrastructure (roads, bridges, railroads, industry) in utter ruins

3. 13th AMENDMENT Slavery Abolished
“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.”
The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

4. Picture: Richmond

5. Picture: Richmond

6. Total War 3

7. South after war 1

8. Aftermath of the War
Reconstruction – Plan for rebuilding the South after the Civil War.

9. President Lincoln’s Plan
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)
He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.
Pardon to all
When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.

10. Aftermath of the War
Freedmen’s Bureau – Gov. Agency given the task of feeding and clothing war refugees.
The Bureau also helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations, organized courts, and schools (4,000).

13. PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON
Remained loyal to the United States during the Civil War.
Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the South’s Reconstruction and to help win him re-election in 1864.
Supported Lincoln’s Plan, but would be engaged in a power struggle with Congress over who would lead Reconstruction.

14. Johnson’s Plan
A pardon to all Southerners who take the loyalty oath. He believed in the 10% quota
established by Lincoln.
Excluded former Confederate officers and the very wealthy from the pardon.
When Congress returned from recess they found new members who had been pardoned by President Johnson.
In 1866, Johnson attacked the Congressional Republicans’ Plan for Reconstruction, but they were elected to Congress by a 3 to 1 margin.

15. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle.
Amnesty: Presidential pardon
Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
10% of the population
Even high ranking Confederate officials
Write new state Constitutions
approve the 13th Amendment
reject secession and state’s rights
submit to U.S. Government authority
No mention of:
Education for freedmen
Citizenship and voting rights

16. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Johnson’s plan to readmit the South was considered too gentle.
Amnesty: Presidential pardon
Rebels sign an oath of allegiance
10% of the population
Even high ranking Confederate officials
Write new state Constitutions
approve the 13th Amendment
reject secession and state’s rights
submit to U.S. Government authority
No mention of
Education for freedmen
Citizenship and voting rights

17. 13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865)
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS
13th Amendment Abolished slavery (1865)
14th Amendment Provided citizenship & equal protection under the law. (1868)
15th Amendment Provided the right to vote for all men which included white and black men. (1870)
Giving the Black man the right to vote was truly revolutionary……..A victory for democracy!

18. 14th AMENDMENT Rights of Citizens
“All persons born in the U.S. are citizens of this country and the state they reside in. No state shall make or enforce any law which deprives any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person with its jurisdiction to the equal protection of the laws.”
The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

19. Women's’ rights supporters refused to support the 14th Amendment giving African American men citizenship unless women were added to it.
Abolitionists would not support women’s rights

20. Congressional Acts
Military Reconstruction Act 1867 – Wiped out Johnson’s Plan and split the South into 5 military districts under control of Union military generals.
To prevent Johnson from interfering in Congressional business they passed 2 acts:
Command of the Army Act -Orders from the President had to go past General Grant.
Tenure in Office Act -Required Senate approval for removal of government appointed officials.

21. Military Reconstruction
Each number indicates the Military Districts

22. ASSIGNMENT….
Create a Frame comparing and contrasting the three plans for Reconstruction that we just talked about
Be sure to fill in all areas of the Frame for a complete grade (ex. Don’t leave the “is about” or “so what” sections blank!)

23. Amnesty : Presidential pardon Write new state Constitutions:
Plans compared
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Reconstruction Act of (Harsh)
Amnesty : Presidential pardon
oath of allegiance ---50%
high ranking Confederate officials
lose voting rights if you don’t sign oath
Write new state Constitutions:
Ratify: 13, 14 & 15 Amendments
reject secession and state’s rights
submit to U.S. Government authority
Help for Freedmen:
Freedmen’s Bureau for education
40 acres and a mule
Divide the South into 5 military districts

24. Impeachment
In 1868 Johnson fired one of his Cabinet members, and 3 days later the House of Representatives voted for impeachment, or “high crimes” committed by a person holding political office.

25. The Senate Trial
After an 11 week trial Johnson was acquitted by a vote of (one short of required 2/3 vote).

26. ELECTION OF 1868
Election of 1868 – Johnson did not run for re-election which left Union general U.S. Grant as the Republican nominee for president
Grant won easily as did Republicans in Congress
Black Codes – In the South, they began passing laws which limited the rights of the newly freed African- Americans: needed licenses to work outside of agriculture, couldn’t gather in groups after dark, couldn’t live in cities, could be whipped for not working, “hard enough.”

27. Grant as President During Reconstruction many Northerners
moved South to take positions in the
government and to help the Freedmen.
Carpetbaggers – Northern newcomers to the South seen as intruders trying to make profits
Scalawags – White Southerners who worked with Republicans and supported Reconstruction
African Americans began taking positions in Congressional seats and serving as representatives; called “Black Republicanism” by the Democrats

28. K K K The Ku Klux Klan refers to a secret society or an inner circle
Organized in 1867, in Pulaski, Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest and other Confederate veterans.
Represented the ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers
Through violence and intimidation they disrupted Reconstruction as much as they could.

29. The “Invisible Empire of the South”

30. Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
0 to 20
20 to 60
60 to 100
100 to 200
200 or more

31. Spreading Terror K K K The Ku Klux Klan
Goals: The Klan sought to eliminate the Republican Party in the South by intimidating voters.
They wanted to keep African Americans as submissive laborers.
Methods: They planted burning crosses on the lawns of their victims and tortured, kidnapped, or murdered them.

32. Federal Response to the Klan
The Federal Response
President Grant’s own “War On Terrorism.”
The Enforcement Act of 1870 banned the use of terror, force, or bribery to prevent people from voting.
Other laws banned the KKK and used the military to protect voters and voting places.
However, As federal troops withdrew from the South, black suffrage all but ended due to the renewed activities of the KKK and other groups.

33. Grant as President
Grant believed his job was to carry out the laws and leave the development of laws to Congress
Grant easily won re-election to the Presidency in 1872, but scandals marred his 2nd term.

34. Compromise of 1877
With Grant’s reputation damaged by the scandals, Republicans went with Rutherford B Hayes and the Democrats went with Samuel Tilden in the Presidential election of 1876. vs
Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden

35. 1876 Presidential Election

36. 1876 Election Tilden did not receive enough electoral votes.
Special Commission gives votes to Hayes.
Hayes wins the election
Democrats refuse to recognize Hayes as President *
*Disputed Electoral votes
164
369 total electoral votes, need 185 to win.

37. CORRUPT BARGAIN vs Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden
The election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877 are referred to as the “Corrupt Bargain.”
The Democrats and Republicans work out a deal to recognize Hayes as President
In return, President Hayes must end Reconstruction and pull the Union troops out of the South.
Once this happened, there was no protection for the Freedmen and the South regained power within their states and socially as much as possible go back to the way it was before the abolition of slavery.

38. Hayes as President
“New South” – a term used for the creation of a new industrially strong economy in the former Confederate states.
Northern financers and powerful Southerners laid 40,000 miles of railroad tracks, built iron and steel factories, and made tobacco and cotton big business.
Despite industrialization the South remained agrarian and African-Americans were stripped of political power and forced into unfair labor conditions

39. Sharecropping Sharecropping
Blacks sign contracts to live on and work white landowners property. They paid their rent for the land they farmed and lived on the crops they produced.

40. Advantages Disadvantages
SHARECROPPING
Advantages
Part of a business venture
Raised their social status
Received 1/3 to 1/2 of crop when harvested
Raised their self esteem
Disadvantages
Blacks stay in the South
Some landowners refused to honor the contract
Blacks poor and in debt
A form of Economic slavery
Sharecroppers

41. Sharecroppers

42. social reality
SEGREGATION
After Reconstruction, 1865 to 1876, there were several ways that Southern states kept Blacks from voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of their skin in public facilities. Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class citizens and barred them from voting through:
Poll Taxes
Literacy Tests
Grandfather Clause

44. Five main factors that contributed to the end of Reconstruction.
Corruption: Some Reconstruction legislatures & Grant’s administration symbolized corruption & poor government.
The economy: Reconstruction legislatures taxed and spent heavily, putting the southern states deeper into debt.
Violence: As federal troops withdrew from the South, some white Democrats used violence and intimidation to prevent freedmen from voting. This tactic allowed white Southerners to regain control of the state governments.
The Democrats’ return to power: The pardoned ex-Confederates combined with other white Southerners to form a new bloc of Democratic voters known as the Solid South. They blocked Reconstruction policies.
The Country: The Civil War was over and many Americans wanted to return to what the country was doing before the war.

45. Successes and Failures of Reconstruction
Union is restored.
Many white southerners bitter towards U.S. & Republicans.
South’s economy grows and new wealth is created in the North.
The South is slow to industrialize.
14th and 15th amendments guarantee Blacks citizenship, equal protection, and suffrage.
After US troops are withdrawn, southern state governments and terrorist organizations effectively deny Blacks the right to vote.
Freedmen’s Bureau and other organizations help many black families obtain housing, jobs, and schooling.
Many black and white southerners remain caught in a cycle of poverty.
Southern states adopt a system of mandatory education.
Racist attitudes toward African Americans continue, in both the South and the North.