1. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES DEPENDENT CLAUSE The Clause

2. All Clauses Group of related words Contains a verb and its subject Used as part of a sentence.

3. Check for Understanding: Clause or Phrase or Complete Sentence? Shopping by myself at Pine Tree Mall Where the first postal system was developed Who ran the first postal system of our country Which one gave him that test? Inside the White House with Margret Thatcher If I can live as long as Uncle George.

4. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES Is the main clause of the longer sentence Expresses a complete thought Can stand by itself as a sentence Has its own subject and verb EXAMPLE: I want to be on American Idol. No matter what else I do, I want to be on American Idol.

5. DEPENDENT CLAUSES Also called subordinate clauses Do not express a complete thought by itself Must be joined to at least one independent clause to express a complete thought (Hint…Depend on a complete sentence to make sense!) Introduced by who, whom, that, which, if, when, because, until, etc. EXAMPLE (Incorrect): If I finish all of my lesson plans before Sunday/Who just graduated in May/Because she is not yet eighteen years old EXAMPLE (Correct): If I finish all of my less plans before Sunday, we are taking a shopping trip to Green Bay.

6. Check for Understanding P. 161, Ex. 1/evens-- English Workshop textbook Example: Egypt is most likely where the first postal system was developed. (Independent or Subordinate (dependent) ? Subordinate. Why? Cannot stand on itself as a complete sentence because it depends on the first half of the sentence to make sense.

7. Improve Your Simple Sentences: Inserting Subordinating( Dependent) Clauses Adjective Clauses—Act like adjectives, modify nouns/pronouns and answer the questions which one/what kind/how many. Adverb Clauses—Act like adverbs, modify verbs/adjectives and answer questions when/where/ why/ how something happened. Noun Clauses-Do what any noun can do: subject/direct object/indirect object/object of preposition

8. Adjective Clauses A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun. (Begins with which/that/who/whom) Example: The pond, which is a landing place for migrating birds, lies in a protected area. Example: Baseball is the sport that I like best. Usually introduced by pronouns: that, which, who, whom, whose.

9. The relative pronoun may be omitted Here is the video (that ) you ordered. ( Answers question “which video…” There is the person (whom) you were looking for. (Which person?)

10. Adverb Clauses Modifies a verb, adjective, and adverb. Tells how, when, where, why, how much, to what extent, or under what condition something happened. Examples: after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while…something happened.

11. Examples While we were camping in August, we saw a meteor shower. Everyone needs to be at the bus station by 8:45 so that the bus can leave at nine o’clock. Once Mrs. Kahles starts talking, the class quietly begins taking notes. My teacher keeps a jar of Tootsie Rolls on her desk in case someone answers a bonus question.

12. Used as a noun Begins with: that, what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever. Can be replaced by the word it. Subject of the sentence: What changed her mind was the boy’s admission of wrong doing. Noun Clause

13. Predicate Nominative: She didn’t know who could help her. Direct Object: We thought we knew what Joe’s gift would be. Indirect Object: Please tell whoever needs to know yet the directions to Mary’s house. Object of a Preposition: Give this bag of toys to whomever you saw buy them at this counter.

14. Examples: Finish the noun clause That…is a sad fact. Whoever…had better tell me the truth. What…is a good idea for a prom theme. Where…will probably always be a mystery to me. We all wanted to know who….