1. The Beginnings of Change

2. February 9, 2015 Chapter 12 test today! Take a few minutes to study! Chapter 12 notes are due. Also, if you did your study guide this is extra credit. After test you will do chapter 13 vocab and chapter 13-1/13-2 guided reading. Chapter 13 starts on page 398.

3. February 6, 2014 Bell Work: Graphic Organizer 12-Age of Industry Turn in when finished!

4. September 11, 2014 Bell Work: If you could invent something that would make the world a more efficient place. What would it be and why? Explain your answer.

5. January 10, 2014 Bell work: Answer Chapter 12 section 3 questions. Turn in when finished.

6. Introduction For centuries Great Britain’s public and private farm lands were unfenced. By the late 1700’s wealthy landowners enclosed these farms to increase production and efficiency – Enclosure Movement  Parliament supported Small farmers forced to move into cities Agriculture underwent a revolution

7. G.B. Leads the Way Displaced farmers became industrial workers. Money was provided to landowners by successful farming businesses. G.B. had plenty of capital, Natural resources, and labor supply.

8. Money Capital – money to invest in labor machines and raw materials.  Essential for industrial growth Industrial Revo. provided the rich & middle classes with new opportunities to invest.

9. Money Those who invested in industry usually made a profit. Parliament passed laws to encourage investment.  Helped growing business

10. Natural Resources Harbors for ships.  Imports, exports - trade Waterways for developing industries and transporting materials. Lots of iron and steel for machinery. Lots of coal to fuel industry.

11. Large Labor Supply Arguably G.B.’s greatest resource. Farming improvements increased the quality and availability of food.  Longer, healthier lives  Population grew from 5 million (1700) to 9 million (1800)

12. Large Labor Supply New machinery increased supply of industrial workers.  Former farmers pushed into cities Entrepreneurs set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, and new industrial inventions.

13. Textile Industries People in G.B. wanted to buy cool, colorful cloth. Domestic system could not meet the demand. Textile industries ignited cloth production w/ technological advances.

14. Advances in Machinery Weaving cloth was difficult and time-consuming. Width of fabric was limited by the distance a weaver could “throw” the shuttle. 1733, British clock maker John Kay improved the loom with his “flying shuttle.”

15. Advances in Machinery The flying shuttle allowed weavers to produce 2-3 times more material.  Needed more yarn than ever James Hargreaves, a weaver-carpenter, invented a more efficient spinning machine – Spinning Jenny.

16. Advances in Machinery 1768, Richard Arkwright invented the Water Frame – spinning machine that ran on waterpower. 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule – combination of the Spinning Jenny and Water Frame.

17. Producing More Cloth More thread was being made than there were weavers to use it. 1787, Edmund Cartwright answered this issue w/ the power loom.  Ran by steam power, water, or horse Created a growing need for more raw cotton.

18. Producing More Cloth 1793, American inventor, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin. Cleaned cotton 50 times faster than a person could.

19. Factory System Industrialists moved cloth production out of workers’ cottages and into large buildings near waterways. Marked the beginning of the factory system.  method of production that brought workers and machines together under the control of managers

20. Factory System Initially, waterways powered machines and provided transportation for materials. Factories grew, calling for more power than horses and water could provide. In the 1760s James Watt designed an efficient steam engine.  helped set the Industrial Revolution in full motion

21. Industrial Developments Factory machinery increased demand for iron and steel. In the mid-1800s William Kelly and Henry Bessemer developed methods to produce steel from iron inexpensively. Meanwhile, people worked to advance transportation in Europe and the U.S.

22. Industrial Developments 1700s, a canal building craze began both in Europe and the U.S. A combination of steam power and steel would soon revolutionize both land and water transportation.

23. Industrial Developments In 1801 British engineer Richard Trevithick devised a steam-powered carriage that ran on wheels. And 3 years later, a steam locomotive that ran on rails. In 1807 Robert Fulton, an American inventor, designed the first practical steamboat. Railroads and steamboats laid the foundations for a global economy.

24. February 4, 2015 Bell Work: Chapter 12 section 4 questions. You have 15 minutes to finish!

25. Section 3 The Growth of Industry G.B. keeps technologies secret G.B. most productive country in world. Parliament passes laws:  Restricting the flow of machines and skilled workers to other countries.  1820s-many leave G.B.

26. Spread of Industry G.B. gives up trying to guard industrial monopoly. Saw they could make money from other countries. “Workshop of the world”

27. Spread of Industry cont… In many countries, factory system did not boom until 1870 or later. Exceptions were:  France, Germany, and U.S.  France-Napoleonic Wars strained economy.  Gov’t funding helped German industry grow.  1840s-coal, iron, and textile industries emerge.

28. Spread of Industry Industrialization increased in U.S. New industries promoted in America. 1870-U.S ranks world’s top three of most industrialized countries.

29. Growth of Big Business Capitalism Capitalist system  Decide how to make a profit  Determine business practices Industrial Capitalism-continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses.

30. Mass Production Machines replace costly human labor. Machines enabled mass-production. Eli Whitney-Interchangeable parts Frederick Taylor-divide tasks into specific segments and step by step procedure. Division of labor in factories Assembly line

31. Mass Production cont… Henry Ford-assembly line methods 1913-Model T Produced greater quantities. cost of production of each car fell. Cars are now cheaper to buy.

32. Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

33. Organizing Business Production increases Continual flow of capital for business expansion. Partnerships-business organizations involving two or more entrepreneurs.

34. Organizing Business cont… Corporations-business organizations owned by stockholders who buy shares in a company. Late 1800s-corporations grow.

35. Corporations

36. Business Cycles Businesses start producing particular kinds of products. Industries dependent on each other. Example:  Ford Motor Co.-demand for cars  Petroleum industry  Rubber for tires

37. Business Cycles cont… Economy depended on business cycles. “Boom”-business is up “bust”-business is down Depression-lowest point in the business cycle.

38. Science and Industry trial and error Late 1800s, manufacturers apply more scientific findings to businesses. Samuel Morse-telegraph (1830s) Guglielmo Marconi-wireless telegraph (1895). Alexander Graham Bell-telephone (1876)

40. Electricity Early 1900s electricity replaces coal. 1831 Michael Faraday-electric current. Electric motor based on Faraday’s principles. 1877 Thomas Edison-phonograph and light bulb.

41. Energy and Engines Late 1880s Gottlieb Daimler- redesigned internal combustion engine to run on gasoline. Could propel vehicles and boats.

42. Energy and Engines cont… Rudolf Diesel-oil burning internal combustion engine. Could run industrial plants, ocean liners, and locomotives. 1890s Ferdinand von Zeppelin-balloonlike invention. Could carry passengers. 1903-Wilbur and Orville Wright-1 st successful flight of motorized airplane.

44. February 7, 2014 Bell work: Chapter 12 Graphic organizer “Age of Industry” Turn in when finished. You have fifteen minutes.

45. Section 4 A New Society Before the Industrial Age, a person’s position in life was determined at birth. 1700s and 1800s-Industrial Revolution creates new opportunities for people.

46. Rise of the Middle Class Industrialization expands the middle class. Education as key to business success. Wealthy manufacturers and middle class became politically active in reforms:  Education  Health care  Prison improvements  sanitation

47. Middle-Class Lifestyles Family life begins to change Men and women have different roles. Men become sole provider Men worked Women stayed home-brought up children. Domestic help

48. Middle-Class Lifestyles cont… Boys went to school for employment or preparation for higher education. Daughters expected to learn:  Cook  Sew  Works of the household to be prepared for marriage.

49. Lives of the Working Class Working class grows in greater numbers. Enjoyed few of the new luxuries. Depended solely on money they earned to buy what they needed.

50. At the Mercy of Machinery Mill towns-Lowell and Massachusetts. Work conditions were tolerable. Industrial competition increases-work becomes harder and more dangerous.  monotonous work  Noisy  Repetitive machinery

51. At the Mercy of Machinery cont… Factory machinery a danger to lives. Long work hours (10-14 hrs./day) Poor working conditions  Unventilated rooms  Lint  Dust

52. At the Mercy of Machinery cont… Employees earned little support. Factory owners kept wages low to earn a profit.  Men paid more  Women made half the wages of men  Children paid even less.

53. Workers’ Lives Whole families work in factories and mines. Children-  As young as 6 years old  12 hr. shifts (sometimes longer)  Only a short break  Did not go to school  Spent most of the day working

54. Workers’ Lives cont… Women-  Industries offer independence  Textile mills provided opportunities to make money and new friends.  Workers live near factories  tenements

61. Workers’ Lives cont… Mill owners control rent Decided when and whether to improve living conditions. Urban problems-  Human waste  Industrial waste contaminates water supplies  Spread of diseases (cholera and typhoid)

63. Workers Unite Workers initiate reforms. Form Organized labor groups. Late 1800s and early 1900s-working conditions begin to improve.

64. Workers Unite cont… G.B.-Worker associations  Groups representing workers in a specific industry. Workers associations develop into labor unions (Europe and U.S. in 1800s).

65. Union Tactics Workers protest Strikes-workers refuse to work. Workers demand shorter working hrs. and higher wages. Manufacturers complain-  Add to production costs  Increase the price of goods  Hurt business

66. Union Tactics cont… Blacklist Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800- British Parliament banned unions. 1820s-Parliament agrees to meet to discuss working hrs. and wages. Skilled British workers form unions-  Based on specific trade or craft  Able to bargain with employers

67. Union Tactics cont… Collective bargaining 1870s-British unions’ power increased  Parliament legalized strikes Unskilled workers form unions (late 1880s). 1900s-union membership grows in Europe and U.S.