1. Chapter 5-3 & 5-4 Class Notes Child Development

2. List lifestyle choices that a pregnant woman can make to help the fetus: Regular prenatal check-ups Eat a balance diet Get adequate rest

3. Lifestyle Choices (Cont.) Avoid the use of alcohol, smoking, and illegal drugs Exercise daily Avoid caffeine and seafood Avoid exposure to radiation (x-rays)

4. What are the four main causes of birth defects? Environmental Hereditary Errors in chromosomes Interaction of heredity and environment

5. What are environmental causes? Poor prenatal diet Harmful substances during pregnancy (including smoking, alcohol, etc.) Medication harmful to baby

6. What are hereditary causes? Defective genes including one dominant or two recessive

7. What are errors in chromosomes? Too many or too few chromosomes in the baby’s cells (Example: Down’s syndrome)

8. What birth defects are caused by interaction of heredity & environment? Examples include spina bifida or cleft palate.

9. TERMS folic acid – nutrient that can be taken during pregnancy to prevent spina bifida caffeine – may cause miscarriage, low birth weight, or learning disabilities

10. TERMS (Cont.) nicotine – can cause damage to lungs, low birth weight, prematurity, and various respiration problems sickle cell anemia – blood disorder most common in families of African American descent

11. TERMS (Cont.) Rubella – also known as German measles; not harmful to mother but can cause physical abnormalities in the baby Down Syndrome – caused by having 47 instead of 46 chromosomes; highest risk for mothers older than 35

12. TERMS (Cont.) Tay-Sachs disease – most common in families of Jewish descent miscarriage – death of a fetus BEFORE 20 weeks stillbirth – death of a developing baby AFTER 20 weeks