1. The Crusades

2. Good to Know  Pope Innocent III took office in 1198  with his office he dramatically utilized papal supremacy to the utmost degree…creating enemies along the way  Innocent and Phillip II launched a brutal Crusade, holy war, against the Albigenisians in S. France because they wanted to “purify” the church and return it to its original, simple ways  All the while and afterward-popes are striving towards maintaining supremacy and Monarch power is growing

3. About the Crusades…  Technically started in 1096  Christian v. Muslim for control of the lands in the Middle East  Lasted for approximately 200 years…stretching eastward

4. The World in 1050  Read this section from your text on p. 215-216  This is important b/c it will help you understand the Crusades and how they effected everyone

5. The Crusades Officially Begin  Byzantine Emperor Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for knights to help fight the Muslim Turks who were trying to extend their power  This would begin a Crusade for the “Holy Land”

6. Motives for a Religious War:  “God wills it!”  Control of the “Holy Land”  Religious zeal  Sought to escape troubles at home  Sought adventure  Hope of healing the schism between the Roman and Byzantine churches  Keep conflict within the other rather than internally

7. A little about what happened…  Many Crusades over 200 years  The First Crusade was the only one that came close to achieving its goals on the Christian side  The Crusades had far-reaching political, economic, and social impacts  Came to an end in 1291 by Muslims capturing the last Christian outpost in the port city of Acre-it was a massacre-just like Jerusalem 200 years earlier by the Christians

8. Effects of the Crusades on Europe:  A bitter legacy of religious hatred left  Peoples of faith guilty of atrocities in the name of religion  Quickened the pace of changes in Europe

9. Changes in Europe:  Economic Expansion  Increased trade  Large fleets were built  Encouraged growth of money-money was needed to get to the Holy Land  Increased power for monarchs  Some monarchs helped lead the Crusades-this greatly enhanced their power  Byzantine church resentment for the West (Rome) hardened  Papal power remained dramatic  A wider world view developed  This view had been cut off since the fall of Rome  Opened eyes to other people groups and their diversity  Ex: Marco Polo-China

10. The Reconquista of Spain  The Reconquista were Christian efforts made following the Crusades to take over Muslim lands and drive them out of Spain  Finalized by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile-their marriage unified two powerful kingdoms  Made final push for the fall of Granada- completing the Reconquista  They wanted to est. religious and political unity in Spain and they ended religious toleration there and drove out Jews and Muslims

11. Chart on Page 219