1. Roman Philosophy Stoicism Epicureanism

2. Stoicism  Zeno – Greek  Source of happiness is wisdom  Only man has morals  Apathy – Emotion and passion destroy reason

3. Epicureanism  Epicurus – Greek  No afterlife  Maximize pleasure & minimize pain  Materialists

4. Roman Republic

5.  Internally – Republic a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them  Externally – Empire

6. Empire Building: Italian Peninsula  By 268 BC, Rome controlled most of Italy

7. Empire Building: Punic Wars  Carthage versus Rome Both wanted the western Mediterranean & Sicily  Generals Hannibal for Carthage Scipio for Rome  Rome Won Kept Spain & North Africa Literally destroyed Carthage

9. Empire Building: Macedonian & Seleucid Wars  During & after Punic Wars  Gained control of Greece and Syria  Total control of the Mediterranean

10. Empire Building: Asia  Anatolian king willed his empire to Rome

11. What allowed them to conquer so much territory?  Military Disciplined & well trained Each province contributed soldiers Roads  Slavery People from conquered provinces Free labor source helped expansion

12. Why didn’t conquered peoples rebel?  Effective governance Protection/Peace Citizenship  Romanization Roman culture Latin language Roman laws  Trade benefits Standardized money Safe trade  Cities Roads Aqueducts

13. Roman Government The Republic

14. Senate In charge of:  Treasury  Foreign relations  Enforced laws  Declared war

15. Patricians and Plebeians Patricians  Aristocrats Large landowners  Held political and religious power Government officials Priests  Forbidden to marry outside their class Plebian  Lower social class Land owning men Had to be a citizen of Rome

16. Tribune  Elected from the Plebeians  Had the power to veto any law  Defended assembly against Patricians

17. Consuls  From the Patricians  Made all legislation  Shared rule by electing two Consuls at a time Civil decisions Military power One consul could veto the other

18. Dictator  Appointed in times of crisis  A single leader who had absolute power to make laws and command the army  Temporary – 6 months